Martin Seligman s Exploration Of Learned Helplessness,...

The world of science consistently generates new studies in various fields, yielding results that can revolutionize society and shine light on the world we know so very little about. However, it is easy to get lost in specific studies and view each one as its own, independent discovery. And while each experiment provides an important look into the complexities of this world, science is an amalgamation of many discoveries strung together in complex ways. This way, the merits of each study can interrelate in order to further understand something else. In the realm of positive psychology, it is important that a number of different scientific discoveries work together to explain an overarching topic. For example, two studies that are interrelated are Martin Seligman’s exploration of learned helplessness, and Roy Baumeister’s study on willpower depletion. Both are important in their own rights, but by comparing both Seligman and Baumeister’s experiments, scientists can discuss the overarching concept of willpower as a depletable resource. Psychologist Martin Seligman conducted an experiment that aimed to understand more about classical conditioning. In his study, he rang a bell and lightly shocked a dog. Eventually, if the dog heard the bell, it would react to the shock before it even happened. This was all good, it was a great example of classical conditioning, but the truly interesting part of the study came later. Seligman constructed a box with a small wall in the middle.

In What Ways Does This Extract/S Show That Martin Luther...

In what ways does this extract/s show that Martin Luther King was an effective public speaker? In Martin Luther King’s speech ‘I have a dream’ He uses rhetorical devices, emotive language and a careful choice of pronouns to establish rapport with the audience. Before King became a speaker he was a Baptist minister, which means he was used to speaking in public and was very knowledgeable on the bible. The speech was given exactly one hundred years after the Emancipation Proclamation and was making the point that these promises were made but had not taken place. 1: In the first paragraph of the extract, King starts with the words â€Å"Go back†. This is repeated several times throughout the paragraph and after all, but one, followed by a†¦show more content†¦At the beginning of the next sentence, King goes on to talk about â€Å"this nation†, using the word â€Å"nation† collectively involves all of his audience, black or white and everyone ells in the United States which is another one of his many rapport techniques. Following this refers to this nation’s â€Å"creed† by which he means the ‘American Declaration of Independence’. This is the second time King has hinted at the American Declaration of Independence in this extract. It is a reoccurring them of the ‘I have a dream’ speech, however this is the only time in this extract that he directly quotes from it. When he says the quote, King stresses the word â€Å"all† in the phrase â€Å"that all men are created e qual†. This is an obvious yet effective way of emphasising his point that everyone not just white men should be equal. 5: Furthermore, king depicts â€Å"former slaves and former slaves owners† sitting down together â€Å"at the table of brotherhood†. The word former gives the clear message that the slave trade had come to an end and is in the passed. When King mentions â€Å"the table of brotherhood† he uses this as a metaphor for white and black people being at the same level but also literally, sitting and eating at the same table. It could also be taken as a biblical link to the last supper or other similar bible stories, but as it is not that obvious, he probably never intended it to be. In the next paragraph King portrays his point by using lots of metaphoric and emotive language.Show MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages2011-14 by Bradley H. Dowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. 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Waterview free essay sample

This case occurred in a premier resort called the Waterview and it’s located in the Muskoka District of Northern Ontario. The Waterview snack bar has been the leading tourist destination for several decades. Unfortunately since the premier resort has numerous ownership changes over the years, the quality of professional services and revenue has fallen down sharply. In this challenging situation, the resort’s operation manager Rebecca Boddington promoted a long-time employee Michael Welland to become the snack bar supervisor. At the first time, Michael turned down Boddlington’s promotion offer because he got a better job as a sales associate with good pay and benefits. However since then, Rebecca held a personal grudge against Michael regarding his work behaviors and ability to perform and some unavoidable arguments have come up between them. This serious lack of communication, toxic work environment and frequent disputes between the workers and management has substantially diminished the Waterview’s share in its highly competitive tourism market. PROBLEMS The most urgent problem is the disorder of the Waterview snack bar’s organization and processes. Rebecca changed Michael’s job responsibilities without informing him in advance about his new job responsibilities. When Michael started to work at the snack bar as a supervisor, he discovered he was actually assigned to work as a part-time server instead. Furthermore, Rebecca failed to adjust Michael’s wage as she has promised before. Therefore, Michael was shocked to discover he was still getting minimum wage. Moreover, after Rebecca found out Michael was talking to her boss behind the scene; she took him off the next week schedule. The second problem is both the management and employees of the premier resort lacks professional abilities and skills and are not qualified for the organization. Neither Rebecca nor Michael behaved properly or professionally in this case. First, Rebecca is the manager of Michael; so she shouldn’t bring her personal emotion into the work environment. For Several times, Rebecca dismissed Michael when he wants to confront her about his issues. Second, When Michael talked to Rebecca about his first payment, he waved the check angrily at her and yelled â€Å"Rebecca, have you seen this? † This is a very unprofessional action for Michael and should be dealt with in privacy or with company’s procedures. Another time, Michael rushed into Rebecca’s office and tossed his check on her desk. These hostile employee attitudes also create and contribute to an unhealthy and unproductive work environment. The third problem is the employees’ task management. There were no clear job descriptions and task details in the Waterview snack bar. In the beginning, Rebecca asked Michael to help cut the grass and clean the toilets. However people that cut the grasses and clean the toilets are usually maintenance individuals not someone in a supervisor position like Michael. In addition Rebecca threatened to cancel Michael’s shifts, then she really did delete Michael’s schedule and removed him from duties list without discussing with her superior and noticing Michael. Moreover when Mark Humphries; the boss of Rebecca found out there are communication problems between his employees; he didn’t take any precautions to correct these problems. CAUSES There is a lack of fit between the people and process. If people could follow the company’s’ procedures and rules in a professional and well mannered behavior within the resort and put aside their personal grudges and negative emotions towards individuals during business hours. There can be many incidents where a lot of the conflicts could have been avoided. For example, if Rebecca has taken the time to notify Michael about important work changes; he would understand his new job descriptions and job responsibilities without the shock and disappointment of being informed indirectly during his shift. On many occasions, Rebecca told her employees that she didn’t have time to solve their problems. This left the employees feeling neglected and it has affected their performances at work. Also when Rebecca told Michael about his pay rate, she did it in an unprofessional manner, and she did not keep her promise to give him more money as a supervisor. Michael naturally grew frustrated with the way Rebecca is treating him. There is lack of fit between the people and the company’s organization structure. Without concerning the poor financial and competitive situation of the resort, Rebecca and Michael intensely confronted each other in the public work environment. Therefore, both manager and employees’ behaviors and attitudes are not professional and responsible to their positions. In short, both of them are not qualified for their positions. Obviously, Michael’s main goal was not to add value to the business but to benefit as much as possible from this premier resort and the conflict between Michael and Rebecca became an important excuse for not taking responsibilities for their unprofessional actions at work. This bad scenario affected his entire crew’s performances and quality of services. For Rebecca, she did not want to face the problem directly. Furthermore Rebecca believes that if she couldn’t see the problems, it can be avoided or ignored until something bad actually happens. There is a lack of fit between the organization as a whole and the tasks being assigned to the organization’s employees. Rebecca being the operation manager for Waterview, she has many jobs responsibilities and duties that she has to perform to maintain the safety and reputation of her premier resort. Regrettably, the Waterview is always short on managers and because of the shortage of management. Rebecca has to take on more job duties and responsibilities that would not have happened if the resort has enough managers on a daily basis. As a result, Rebecca is always exhausted, stressful and easily distracted during work and off work. She occasionally works six to seven days a week, from early in the morning till late at night. Moreover, Rebecca also took-on scheduling and inventory management for the Water view’s snack bar; so she rarely have breaks. Thus, she lost control of the management team and brought herself a lot of arguments and conflicts. GOALS First, Mark should become the peacemaker and resolve his employees’ conflicts in 3 days. Second, both managers and employees need additional training on a quarterly basis to improve their competence level and sense of responsibilities. Third, organization should find ways to improve workplace communication, relationships between employees and management and motivations to improve employee’s competitiveness to increase sales revenue. ALTERNATIVES Based on my first goal, the alternative is to fix the lack of communications between Rebecca and Michael as soon as possible. In this case, Mark could arrange a casual dinner, so they could meet each other and talk things through about their issues and conflicts with each other. Also, they could discuss about some company’s rules in the future, Rebecca should take some time and use some effective ways to inform employees about any significant changes, and she should also set some private time for personal issues during the employee meetings to make everyone feel valuable and important. Based on the second goal, the alternative is to dismiss Rebecca, and hire a more competent manager. Since she is not qualified in this position. The new manager could set new rules in the Waterview such as assigning well-defined tasks to every employee of the resort. Both managers and employees should not be allowed to take up additional tasks or work over hours unless exceptional situation happens. Furthermore, a clear break schedule should be brought out to make sure that all employees are getting enough rest. For the third goal, the alternative is to dismiss Michael after the contract expires. Rebecca could evaluate her current employees and promote someone else to become the new supervisor to help her deal with daily matters. This time, she should delegate some tasks to her new supervisor such as scheduling and inventory management to reduce her work burden. Also, The Waterview resort should have regular employee meetings that could be used for solving urgent problems, and disseminate general information. RECOMMENDATION In this case, the operation manager Mark should become the peacemaker and solve the conflicts between Rebecca and Michael. Because of the multiple changes of ownership, the quality of professional services at the resort has fallen along with the sales revenue of the resort. Therefore, the primary task of the Waterview is to remove the internal conflicts and keep everyone together to keep the market share and competitiveness of the resort. Rebecca has been an operation manager for Waterview for five years; she is very familiar about the current situation of the resort. If Waterview decides to dismiss her, it will take a long time to find another proper manager, and it will aggregate the already poor condition of the resort. On the other hand, if the company decides to dismiss Michael, he may file a lawsuit against the company, and the other employees may feel insecure to work at the resort anymore. Consequently, it may affect the job performances of the other employees by not fulfilling their insecure needs. IMPLEMENTATION First step, Mark is the operation manager of the resort and he could arrange a personal dinner with Rebecca and Michael after the work. This dinner may cost him about $150. Mark could be the peacemaker between them and let them communicate with each other without talking about any unhappy memories. Second step, after dinner Mark could take Michael to a bar and drink some beer. This will cost him $50. In this step, Mark could talk about the consequences of his actions and behaviors. Third step, Mark could talk with Rebecca in the morning at cafe. This will cost him $20. He could mention her about the possibility of losing job. Forth step, Mark could offer them a solution; Michael apologizes to Rebecca about his unprofessional behaviors and Rebecca can make up by paying him the money she promised him. Therefore, this solution could create a win-win situation for all of them. These personal dinner and meeting could build up a harmonious interpersonal relationship and it may solve the conflicts between them. Fifth step, after the current conflict has been solved, Rebecca should hold regular meetings, and try to solve their problem as soon as possible. The more employees that feel valued and respected, the more willing they are to share their ideas and innovations. (Fifth, a code of conduct should be set in the work place including list of unacceptable work behaviors. These steps would create a more healthy and friendly working environment. Upper management such as Mark and Rebecca should establish open communication board with all fellow employees. On the board, they could exchange viewpoints about the current situation of The Waterview. This realistic and frank information would help them to evaluate the current company’s situation. When executives implement major changes, they also should request employees’ feedback and, if their changes are proved to be ineffective, executives should adopt alternative courses of action in two months or less.

Moon and Lunar Orbit free essay sample

BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE PROJECT ON CHANDRAYAAN-1 SUBMITTED BY: CONTENTS:- i ABOUT CHANDRAYAAN-1 i LAUNCH PROCESS i OBJECTIVES i SPECIFICATIONS i AREAS OF STUDY i SUCCESS OF CHANDRAYAAN-1 i REACTIONS AND STATEMENTS i FUTURE: CHANDRAYAAN-2 i MISCELAANEOUS oNEWSPAPER CUTTING oPICTURES OF CHANDRAYAAN-1 AND, MOON AND EARTH. WHAT IS CHANDRAYAAN-1? i IT IS A SPACE CRAFT DESIGNED TO STUDY THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. i IT IS DESIGNED AND CREATED BY THE INDIAN SCIENTISTS. OrganizationIndian Space Research Organisation Mission typeOrbiter Satellite ofMoon Orbital insertion date12 November 2008 Launch date22 October 2008 from Sriharikota, India Mission duration2 years Mass523 kg (1,153 lb) ABOUT CHANDRAYAAN The moon with the history of the early solar system etched on its beckons mankind from time immemorial to admire its marvels and discover its secrets. Understanding the moon provides a pathway to unravel the early evolution of the solar system and that of the planet earth. Though the ages, the Moon, our closest celestial body has roused curiousty in our mind much more than any other objects in the sky. We will write a custom essay sample on Moon and Lunar Orbit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chandrayaan-1, (Sanskrit: a ¤sa ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å¡a ¤Ã‚ ¦a a ¤Ã‚ °a ¤? a ¤? a ¤? -a? , Moon-vehicle) is Indias first mission to the moon, launched by Indias national space agency the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The unmanned lunar exploration mission includes a lunar orbiter and an impactor. The spacecraft was launched by a modified version of the PSLV XL on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh at 06:23 IST (00:52 UTC). The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008. The Moon Impact Probe was successfully impacted at the lunar South Pole at 20:31 hours on 14 November 2008. The estimated cost for the project is Rs. 386 crore (US$ 80 million). The remote sensing satellite had a mass of 1,380 kilograms (3,042 lb) at launch and 675 kilograms (1,488 lb) at lunar orbit and carries high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a two-year period, it is intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional topography. The Polar Regions are of special interest, as they might contain ice. The lunar mission carries five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other international space agencies including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which were carried free of cost. On course of launch BANGALORE: The sticker on the threshold just says, aâ‚ ¬? Spacecraft checkout No. 4. aâ‚ ¬? As we entered the mezzanine-like floor on Monday and looked below, the gorgeous looking Chandrayaan-1, enveloped in golden yellow insulation foil, came into view. It was in the dirt-free aâ‚ ¬? clean roomaâ‚ ¬? of the ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bangalore, and men dressed in white overalls, were fussing over it and conducting checks. It had passed a battery of tests in the space simulation chamber (SSC), where it was subjected to extremes of hot and cold temperatures. Tests that unfolded its solar panel, as if were an accordion, and for pointing its antenna were equally successful. It will now face vibration and noise tests. Things are moving ahead for the launch of Chandrayaan-1, Indiaaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first spacecraft to the moon, before the end of October from Sriharikota by a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle called PSLV-XL. Chandrayaan-1 will carry 11 instruments, five from India and six from abroad. They will map the minerals and chemicals on the lunar soil and also provide clues to the moonaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s origin. ISAC Director T. K. Alex called it aâ‚ ¬? a complicated missionaâ‚ ¬? because aâ‚ ¬? for the first time, we are sending a spacecraft beyond the earthaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s orbitaâ‚ ¬? (that is, it will orbit the moon). The moon is nearly four lakh km away and the spacecraft has to be manoeuvred precisely in stages to reach the moonaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s orbit. After all the 11 instruments were successfully integrated into Chandrayaan-1, it underwent thermo-vacuum tests in the special facility SSC. The spacecraft was subjected to 120 degrees Celsius and minus 150 degrees Celsius in the chamber. aâ‚ ¬? It was tested in varying temperatures for almost 20 days. The performance of the spacecraft and its instruments were thoroughly checked and we found that they were all working well,aâ‚ ¬? said Dr. Alex. M. Annadurai, Project Director, Chandrayaan-1, asserted that there were aâ‚ ¬? no issuesaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ when the spacecraft went through thermo-vacuum tests, including aâ‚ ¬? soak and shock tests. aâ‚ ¬? During the aâ‚ ¬? soakaâ‚ ¬? tests, it was subjected to high temperatures for long durations. In aâ‚ ¬? shockaâ‚ ¬? ests, it alternately went through high and very low temperatures in quick succession. aâ‚ ¬? During these tests also, we found that there was no issue and all the systems were working well,aâ‚ ¬? Mr. Annadurai said. He called the SSC a big contraption that aâ‚ ¬? looks like a well. aâ‚ ¬? It is four metres in diameter and seven m etres in depth. It has a big lid. Chandrayaan-1 is now getting ready for the vibration and acoustic tests from September 20. It will be placed on a shake-table. Mr. Annadurai said: aâ‚ ¬? We will generate the vibrations that the spacecraft will undergo when it is launched by the PSLV. Then we move on to the acoustic chamber, where we generate noise similar to that made by the PSLV engines. The spacecraft has to withstand that also. aâ‚ ¬? While an aircraft engine produced 145 decibels of noise, the PSLV engines produced 150 decibels, Dr. Alex explained. aâ‚ ¬? We are on course for transporting Chandrayaan-1 to Sriharikota by the end of this month (September),aâ‚ ¬? Mr. Annadurai said. Objectives The stated scientific objectives of the mission are: aâ‚ ¬? To design, develop and launch and orbit a spacecraft around the Moon using Indian made launch vehicle. aâ‚ ¬? Conduct scientific experiments using instruments on-board the spacecraft which will yield the following results: oTo prepare a three-dimensional atlas (with high spatial and altitude resolution of 5-10 m) of both the near and far side of the moon. oTo conduct chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface at high spatial resolution, mapping particularly the chemical elements Magnesium, Aluminum, Silicon, Calcium, Iron, Titanium, Radon, Uranium, Thorium. oTo impact a sub-satellite (Moon Impact Probe aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬  MIP) on the surface on the Moon as a fore-runner to future soft landing missions. Specifications After full integration, the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft (left) is seen being loaded into the Thermovac Chamber (right) Mass 1380 kg at launch, 675 kg at lunar orbit, and 523 kg after releasing the impactor. Dimensions Cuboid in shape of approximately 1. 5 m Communications X band, 0. 7 m diameter parabolic antenna for payload data transmission. The Telemetry, Tracking Command (TTC) communication operates in S band frequency. Power The spacecraft is mainly powered by its solar array, which includes one solar panel covering a total area of 2. 5 x 1. 8 m generating 700 W of power, which is stored in a 36 Aaâ‚ ¬? h Lithium-ion battery. The spacecraft uses a bipropellant integrated propulsion system to reach lunar orbit as well as orbit and altitude maintenance while orbiting the Moon. Specific areas of study aâ‚ ¬? High-resolution mineralogical and chemical imaging of the permanently shadowed north and south polar regions. aâ‚ ¬? Search for surface or sub-surface wat er-ice on the Moon, especially at the lunar poles. aâ‚ ¬? Identification of chemicals in lunar highland rocks. aâ‚ ¬? Chemical stratigraphy of lunar crust by remote sensing of the central uplands of large lunar craters, and of the South Pole Aitken Region (SPAR), where interior material may be expected. aâ‚ ¬? To map the height variation of the lunar surface features. aâ‚ ¬? Observation of X-ray spectrum greater than 10 keV and stereographic coverage of most of the Moons surface with 5 m resolution aâ‚ ¬? To provide new insights in understanding the Moons origin and evolution. Payloads Chandrayaan 1 The scientific payload has a total mass of 90 kg and contains five Indian instruments and six foreign instruments. Indian â‚ ¬? TMC or the Terrain Mapping Camera is a CCD camera with 5 m resolution and a 40 km swath in the panchromatic band and will be used to produce a high-resolution map of the Moon. The aim of this instrument is to completely map the topography of the moon. The camera works in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and captures black and white stereo images. Wh en used in conjunction with data from Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI), it can help in better understanding of the lunar gravitational field as well. TMC was built by the ISROs Space Applications Centre (SAC) at Ahmedabad. The TMC was successfully tested on 29 October 2008 through a set of commands issued from ISTRAC. aâ‚ ¬? HySI or Hyper Spectral Imager will perform mineralogical mapping in the 400-900 nm band with a spectral resolution of 15 nm and a spatial resolution of 80 m. aâ‚ ¬? LLRI or Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument will determine the surface topography. aâ‚ ¬? C1XS or X-ray fluorescence spectrometer covering 1- 10 keV, will map the abundance of Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe at the surface with a ground resolution of 25 km, and will detect solar flux. This payload is collaboration between Rutherford Appleton laboratory, U. K, ESA and ISRO. aâ‚ ¬? HEX is a High Energy X-ray/gamma ray spectrometer for 30 aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 200 keV measurements with ground resolution of 40 km, the HEX will measure U, Th, Pb, Rn degassing, and other radioactive elements aâ‚ ¬? MIP or the Moon Impact Probe developed by the ISRO is an impact probe which was ejected at 20:00 hours IST on 14 November, 2008. The Moon Impact Probe successfully crash landed at the lunar South Pole at 20:31 hours IST on 14 November, 2008. It carried with it a picture of the Indian flag. India is now the fourth nation to place a flag on the Moon after the Soviet Union, United States and Japan. 18] Non-Indian aâ‚ ¬? SARA, the Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyser from the ESA will map composition using low energy neutral atoms sputtered from the surface. aâ‚ ¬? M3, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper from Brown University and JPL (funded by NASA) is an imaging spectrometer designed to map the surface mineral composition. aâ‚ ¬? SIR-2, A near infrared spectrometer from ESA, built at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Polish Academy of Science and University of Bergen, will also map the mineral composition using an infrared grating spectrometer. The instrument will be similar to that of the Smart-1 SIR. aâ‚ ¬? MiniSAR, designed, built and tested for NASA by a large team that includes the Naval Air Warfare Center, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Raytheon and Northrop Grumman; it is the active SAR system to search for lunar polar ice. The instrument will transmit right polarised radiation with a frequency of 2. 5 GHz and will monitor the scattered left and right polarised radiation. The Fresnel reflectivity and the circular polarisation ratio (CPR) are the key parameters deduced from these measurements. Ice shows the Coherent Backscatter Opposition Effect which results in an enhancement of reflections and CPR, so that water content of the Moon polar region can be estimated. aâ‚ ¬? RADOM-7, Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences maps the radiation environment around the Moon. Space flight Chandrayaan-1 flight Chandrayaan-1 was launched on 22 October 2008 at 6. 22 am IST from Satish Dhawan Space Centre using ISROs 44. 4 metre tall four-stage PSLV launch rocket, and it took 21 days to reach final lunar orbit. ISROs telemetry, tracking and command network (ISTRAC) at Peenya in Bangalore, will track and control Chandrayaan-1 over the next two years of its life span. First orbit burn The first orbit raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was performed at 09:00 hrs IST on 23 October 2008 when the spacecraftaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 440 Newton Liquid Engine was fired for about 18 minutes by commanding the spacecraft from Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Peenya, Bangalore. With this Chandrayaan-1aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apogee was raised to 37,900 km, and its perigee to 305 km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft took about 11 hours to go round the Earth once. Second orbit burn The second orbit raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was carried out on 25 October 2008 at 05:48 IST when the spacecraftaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s engine was fired for about 16 minutes, raising its apogee to 74,715 km, and its perigee to 336 km, thus completing 20 percent of its journey. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft took about twenty-five and a half hours to go round the Earth once. This is the first time an Indian spacecraft has gone beyond the 36,000 km high geostationary orbit and reached an altitude more than twice that height. Third orbit burn The third orbit raising manoeuvre was initiated on 26 October 2008 at 07:08 IST when the spacecraftaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s engine was fired for about nine and a half minutes. With this its apogee was raised to 164,600 km, and the perigee to 348 km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 took about 73 hours to go round the Earth once. Fourth orbit burn The fourth orbit raising manoeuvre was carried out on 29 October 2008 at 07:38 IST when the spacecraftaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s engine was fired for about three minutes, raising its apogee to 267,000 km and the perigee to 465 km. This extended its orbit to a distance more than half the way to moon. In this orbit, the spacecraft took about six days to go round the Earth once. [30] Operation of TMC The Terrain Mapping camera (TMC) on board Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was successfully operated on 29 October 2008 through a series of commands issued from the Spacecraft Control Centre of the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Bangalore. [16] The second image showing Australiaaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Southern Coast and taken from 70,000 km, was erroneously flipped horizontally when issued to the press. 31] Final orbit burn The fifth and final orbit raising manoeuvre was carried out on 4 November 2008 04:56 am IST when the spacecraftaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s engine was fired for about two and a half minutes resulting in Chandrayaan-1 entering the Lunar Transfer Trajectory with an apogee of about 380,000 km. Lunar orbit insertion Chandrayaan-1 successfully completed the lunar orbit insertion operation on 8th Nov 200 8 at 16:51 IST. This manoeuvre involved firing of the liquid engine for 817 seconds (about thirteen and half minutes) when the spacecraft passed within 500 km from the moon. The satellite was placed in an elliptical orbit that passed over the polar regions of the moon, with 7502 km aposelene (point farthest away from the moon) and 504 km periselene (nearest to the moon). The orbital period was estimated to be around 11 hours. With the successful completion of this operation, India became the fifth nation to put a vehicle in lunar orbit. [6] First Lunar Orbit Reduction First Lunar Orbit Reduction Manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 was carried out successfully on 9 November 2008 at 20:03 IST. During this, the engine of the spacecraft was fired for about 57 seconds. This reduced the periselene from 504 km to 200 km while aposelene remained unchanged at 7,502 km. In this elliptical orbit, Chandrayaan-1 took about ten and a half hours to circle the moon once. Second Lunar Orbit Reduction This manoeuvre, which resulted in steep decrease in Chandrayaan-1aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s aposelene from 7,502 km to 255 km and its periselene from 200 km to 187 km, was carried out on 10 November 2008 at 21:58 IST. During this manoeuvre, the engine was fired for about 866 seconds (about fourteen and half minutes). Chandrayaan-1 took two hours and 16 minutes to go round the Moon once in this orbit. Third Lunar Orbit Reduction Third Lunar Orbit Reduction was carried out by firing the on board engine for 31 seconds on 11 November 2008 at 18:30 IST. This reduced the periselene from 187 km to 101 km, while the aposelene remained constant at 255 km. In this orbit Chandrayaan-1 took two hours and 9 minutes to go round the Moon once. Final Lunar Orbit Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was successfully placed into a mission specific lunar orbit of 100 km above the lunar surface on 12 November 2008. In the final orbit reduction manoeuvre, Chandrayaan-1aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s aposelene was reduced from 255 km to 100 km while the periselene was reduced from 101 km to 100 km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 takes about two hours to go round the moon once. Two of the 11 payloads aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) and the Radiation Dose Monitor (RADOM) aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" have already been successfully switched ON. The TMC has successfully taken pictures of both the Earth and the moon. Injection of MIP on Lunar Surface Moon Impact Probe (MIP) landed on the lunar surface on 14 November 2008, 20:31 IST on the South Pole. The MIP is one of eleven scientific instruments (payloads) onboard Chandrayaan-1. The MIP separated from Chandrayaan at 100 km from lunar surface and began its nosedive at 20:06 going into a free fall for thirty minutes. As it fell, it kept sending information back to the mother satellite which, in turn, beamed the information back to earth. The altimeter then also began recording measurements to prepare for a rover to land on the lunar surface during a second moon mission planned for 2012. When the MIP was closer to the surface, rockets were fired to slow down its speed and to soften impact. Following the successful deployment of MIP, the other scientific instruments will be turned on one-by-one starting the next phase of the two-year mission. Reactions Upon becoming the fourth country to plant a flag on the moon, the Chandrayaan led to national euphoria in India with leaders coming out in praise of the country and the scientists behind the mission. Former Indian President APJ Abdul Kalam said the landing was a gift to Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru because the landing happened on the latters 119th birth anniversary. He added that, The success of Chandrayaan-1 is result of [a] team effort. This is the reason for which every Indian should feel proud. Continuing that India is not far from becoming a super power and its greatest asset, the youth, will lead it to the path of glory. ISRO chairman G Madhavan Nair said, We had promised the country that we will deliver the moon and we have done it India has successfully hoisted the national flag on the moon. It is a proud achievement. Additionally, serving Indian president Pratibha Patil, UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi, and leader of the opposition L. K. Advani also commended the team for the landing. Team The scientists considered instrumental to the success of the Chandrayaan-1 project are: aâ‚ ¬? G. Madhavan Nair aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Chairman, Indian Space Research Organisation aâ‚ ¬? T. K. Alex aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Director, ISAC (ISRO Satellite Centre) aâ‚ ¬? Mylswamy Annadurai aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Project director aâ‚ ¬? S. K. Shivkumar aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Director Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network. aâ‚ ¬? George Koshi aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mission Director aâ‚ ¬? Srinivasa Hegde aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mission Director aâ‚ ¬? M Y S Prasad aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Associate Director of the Sriharikota Complex and Range Operations Director aâ‚ ¬? J N Goswami aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Director of Ahmedabad-based Physical Research Laboratory and Principal Scientific Investigator of Chandrayaan-1 aâ‚ ¬? Narendra Bhandari aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Head, ISRO`s Planetary Sciences and Exploration program Chandrayaan-1 enters lunar orbit successfully After two weeks of journey Indias first unmanned lunar spacecraft Chandrayaan-1 entered the lunar orbit on Saturday (Nov. 08, 2008) evening. It started at 16:50 hrs IST and within 14 minutes, it the entered lunar orbit. It is now 504 km from Moon. ISRO says the most critical operation is successful. With this development, Indias moon mission has been declared successful. When Chandrayaan-1 planned to be launched in 2008 using spacecraft and launch vehicle of ISRO. The mission is expected to have an operational life of about 2 years. The idea of undertaking an Indian scientific mission to Moon was initially mooted in a meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1999 that was followed up by discussions in the Astronautical Society of India in 2000. Based on the recommendations made by the learned members of these forums, a National Lunar Mission Task Force was constituted by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Leading Indian scientists and technologists participated in the deliberations of the Task Force that provided an assessment on the feasibility of an Indian Mission to the Moon as well as dwelt on the focus of such a mission and its possible configuration. Government of India approved ISROs proposal for Chandrayaan-1 in November 2003. Chandrayaan will be ready to launch in between October 19 and October 28. Why Why India want to go to moon? ISRO said it would spur the Indian scientific community and probe the physical characteristics of the lunar surface in greater depth than previous missions by other nations. It will explore its minerals, map the terrain and find out whether water and helium deposits exist. It will also give us a deeper understanding about the planet Earth itself or its origins, Earlier missions did not come out with a full understanding of the moon and that is the reason scientists are still interested. This will lay the foundation for bigger missions and also open up new possibilities of international networking and support for planetary programmes. Chandrayaan-1 had triggered a small debate within India about its necessity. Critics are saying it is outdated and the organization was wasting its money from a limited budget allotted by the government. India should not undertake the mission but instead restrict its space programmes to satellite launches and use its funds for social welfare. How Lunar Craft would be launched using Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) from . The Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) is located in Sriharikota. LunarCraft would weight 1304 kg at launch and 590 kg at lunar orbit. The LunarCraft would be launched in a highly elliptical transfer orbit with perigee (Perigee is the point at which an object in orbit around the Earth makes its closest approach to the Earth) of about 240 km and an apogee (The point in the orbit of the moon or of an artificial satellite most distant from the center of the earth) of about 24,000 km. After a quick estimate of the achieved LTT (Lunar Transfer Trajectory) a mid-course correction will be imparted at the earliest opportunity. The spacecraft coasts for about five and a half days in this trajectory prior to the lunar encounter. The major maneuver of the mission, called Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) that leads to lunar capture, would be carried out at the peri-selene (nearest point in lunar orbit) leading to successful lunar capture in a polar, near circular 1000 km-altitude orbit. After successful capture and health checks, the altitude is planned to be lowered through a series of in-plane corrections to achieve the target altitude of 100 km circular polar orbit Mission Objectives Carry out high resolution mapping of topographic features in 3D, distribution of various minerals and elemental chemical species including radioactive nuclides covering the entire lunar surface using a set of remote sensing payloads. The new set of data would help in unraveling mysteries about the origin and evolution of solar system in general and that of the moon in particular. Realize the mission goal of harnessing the science payloads, lunar craft and the launch vehicle with suitable ground support system ncluding DSN station, integration and testing, launching and achieving lunar orbit of ~100 km, in-orbit operation of experiments, communication/telecomm and, telemetry data reception, quick look data and archival for scientific utilization by identified group of scientists. Launch Centre Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) Sriharikota The Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) is located in Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh India. SDSC is mostly referred to as Sriharikot a. This is the launch centre for ISRO. The centre is 80 kilometers north of Chennai in South India. It was originally called Sriharikota Range (SHAR) and renamed to its present name in 2002 after the death of ISROs former chairman Satish Dhawan. The centre became operational in October 1971 when three Rohini rockets were launched. The SHAR facility now consists of two launch pads, with the second built recently. The second launch pad was used for launches beginning in 2005 and is a universal launch pad, accommodating all of the launch vehicles used by ISRO. The two launch pads will allow multiple launches in a single year, which was not possible earlier Launch Vehicle The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) built its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) in the early 90s. The 45 m tall PSLV with a lift-off mass of 295 tonne, had its maiden success on October 15, 1994 when it launched Indias IRS-P2 remote sensing satellite into a Polar Sun Synchronous Orbit (SSO) of 820 km. Between 1996 and 2005, it has launched six more Indian Remote Sensing satellites as well as HAMSAT, a micro satellite built by ISRO for amateur radio communications into polar SSOs, one Indian meteorological satellite into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). PSLV has also launched four satellites from abroad (TUBSAT and DLR-Bird from Germany, Proba from Belgium and KITSAT from Republic of Korea) as piggyback payloads into polar SSOs. PSLV has emerged as ISROs workhorse launch vehicle and proved its reliability and versatility by scoring eight consecutive successes between 1994-2005 periods in launching multiple payloads to both SSO as well as GTO. On January 10, 2007, the PSLV-C7 carried four satellites the 680 kg Indian remote sensing satellite CARTOSAT-2, the 550 kg Space Capsule Recovery Equipment (SRE-1), Indonesias LAPAN-TUBSAT (60kg) and Argentinas 6kg nanosatellite called NANO PEHUENSAT-1 into orbit. Ground Control Ground Segment for Chandrayaan-1 comprises three major elements viz. Deep Space Station (DSN), Spacecraft Control Center (SCC) and Indian Space Science Data Center (ISSDC). This trio of ground facility ensures the success of the mission by providing to and fro conduit of communication, securing good health of the spacecraft, maintaining the orbit and attitude to the requirements of the mission and conducting payload operations. The ground segment is also responsible for making the science data available for the Technologists / Scientists along with auxiliary information, in addition to storage of payload and spacecraft data. Perfect start, Chandrayaan-1 ready for next step After a historic launch and a successful injection into the transfer orbit, Indiaaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first unmanned moon mission Chandrayaan-1 is ready for the next big task. Chandrayaan-1 has to get into the orbit around the moon where it will revolve for two years before returning back to the earth. The moon space craft was put into transfer orbit around the earth by the Polar Launch Vehicle PSLV-C11 after it blasted off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The 1,380 kg Chandrayaan-1, carrying 11 payloads, was released into a Transfer Orbit 18. 2 minutes after the PSLV-C11 blasted off. After a series of procedures over the next two weeks, the spacecraft would reach its desired lunar orbit and placed at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface, marking the operational phase of the mission which would put India in the elite lunar club. Earlier, at the end of the 49-hour countdown, the 44. meter tall four-stage PSLV-11 lifted off from the second launch pad into a cloudy sky. This is the 14th flight of ISROs workhorse PSLV, which had launched 29 satellites into a variety of orbits since 1993, and 13th successive one in a row. Chandrayaan-1 is carrying 11 payloads, five entirely designed and developed in India, three from European Space Agency, one from Bulgaria and two from US, whi ch would explore the Moon over the next two years. Indian Space Research Organization Chairman G Madhavan Nair described the successful launch as a historic moment in Indias space programme. The launch was perfect and precise. The satellite has been placed in the earth orbit. With this, we have completed the first leg of the mission and it will take 15 days to reach the lunar orbit, Nair announced in the mission control centre. Speaking to NDTV, Chief of the Indian space program Madhavan Nair gave details about the moon mission. The rocket that is carrying Indias first unmanned satellite to moon is as high as a 7-storey building and weighs nearly 300 tonnes. One after the other, four stages of the rocket will ignite taking Chandrayaan higher into space. The Chandrayaan will first make a few revolutions around the Earth so that it gathers enough momentum to reach the moon. But it will take several days before it covers the 4 lakh kilometers to reach its destination. The satellite will be captured by moons gravity and initially it will revolve nearly a thousand kilometers from the moons surface. But finally it will move closer to nearly 100 kilometers literally over the moon. Once thats done, it will spend the next two years mapping the moons surface and sending data to India. And among the first things it does will be to plant Indias national flag on the moon. Then as part of its many other challenging objectives the multi-continent mission will begin the most intense search ever undertaken for life giving water on the moon. We have designed and built this instrument for Chandrayaan-1 to search for the water ice over the lunar poles and will be most extensive search of this type in history, said Dr Stewart Nozette, NASA and Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston, USA. Once scientific data has been gathered by the satellite, sending it back to Earth will be a big challenge. Digitally talking to the moon craft will not be easy as the satellite will be almost 4 lakh kilometers away. And to gather the faint signals a dish antenna that weighs 60 tons has been set up at a small village called Bylalu near Bangalore. Part of the hi-tech data centre is still being constructed at the village where laborers sweat it out without even knowing that their efforts are taking India to outer space. Chandrayaan-I another step closer to moon Chandrayaan I, Indiaaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s spacecraft which is to take off for the moon, is on its way to SHAR, i. e. , Sriharikota Range, to be integrated with PSLV-C11. The 50-hour countdown to the launch of Chandrayaan will start on the night of October 19. At Sriharikota, Chandrayaan will be put through its paces on the ground. Indian Satellite Research Organization (ISROaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s) scientists will check how its solar panels will deploy. It will also undergo electrical and mechanical tests. Chandrayaan had earlier undergone preliminary thermal and vibration tests at Isro Satellite Centre (ISAC) in Bangalore. For security threats arising from Naxalites and other possible extremist attacks, the exact location of Chandrayaan is being kept under wraps even as it is being provided tightest possible security, according to sources in Isro. Chandrayaan is expected to reach SHAR in a day or two. The upgraded version of PSLV, PSLV-C11, which has a lift-off weight of 316 tonnes, will be used to inject the 1,304-kg mass spacecraft into a 240 x 24,000 km orbit. The main objective of Chandrayaan-I is investigation of the distribution of various minerals and chemical elements and high-resolution three-dimensional mapping of the entire lunar surface. ISROaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) will launch Chandrayaan-I into a 240 km x 24,000 km earth orbit. Subsequently, the spacecraftaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own propulsion system will be used to place it in a 100-km polar orbit around the moon. Mr. Annadurai, project chief, Chandrayaan, had said earlier: aâ‚ ¬? This will be the first step towards our manned mission to the moon. aâ‚ ¬? The remote sensing satellite will weigh 1,304 kg (590 kg initial orbit mass and 504 kg dry mass) and carry high-resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over its expected lifetime of two years, it will survey the lunar surface and produce a map of its chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography. The project, expected to cost Rs 386 crore, will study the surface of the moon using light. Many other countries are also looking at the possibility of mining the abundant mineral resources on the moon. Chandrayaan-2 The ISRO is also planning a second version of Chandrayaan named Chandrayaan II. According to ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan Nair, The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) hopes to land a motorised rover on the Moon in 2012, as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission. The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface, pick up samples of soil or rocks, do on site chemical analysis and send the data to the mother-spacecraft Chandrayaan II, which will be orbiting above. Chandrayaan II will transmit the data to Earth. NASA Lunar Outpost According to Ben Bussey, senior staff scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel Maryland, Chandrayaans imagery will be used to decide the future lunar outpost that NASA has recently announced. Bussey told SPACE. COM, Indias Chandrayaan-1 lunar orbiter has a good shot at further identifying possible water ice-laden spots with a US-provided low-power imaging radar. Bussey advised aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬  one of two US experiments on the Indian Moon probe. The idea is that we find regions of interest with Chandrayaan-1 radar. We would investigate those using all the capabilities of the radar on NASAs Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Bussey added, A Moon probe to be launched late in 2008. (The LRO is now scheduled for launch 24 April 2009). Reactions and statements Reactions within India â‚ ¬? Indian President Pratibha Patil and Vice-President Mohammad Hamid Ansari sent congratulatory messages to the space scientists for the successful launch. aâ‚ ¬? Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh sent congratulatory messages to the space scientists for the successful launch, and L. K. Advani, the leader of opposition congratulated the ISRO scientists on launch. aâ‚ ¬? The Chief Minister of Gujarat Narendra M odi, visited the ISRO centre in Ahmedabad and congratulated the Indian scientists on their achievement. aâ‚ ¬? The Chief Minister of Karnataka B. S. Yeddyurappa, visited the ISRO Indian Deep Space Network in Byalalu and congratulated Madhavan Nair and his team on their achievement. International reaction aâ‚ ¬? NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin congratulated Indian scientists: Congratulations to our Indian colleagues on the successful launch of the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, which is carrying two NASA instruments. Indias first lunar mission will provide important insight. aâ‚ ¬? US White House hailed Indias maiden moon mission as encouraging and exciting. aâ‚ ¬? U. S. Presidential candidate Barack Obama viewed the launch of Chandrayaan as a challenge to the United States. He stated We are reminded just how urgently we must revitalise our space programme, if we are to remain the undisputed leader in space, science, and technology. aâ‚ ¬? ESA Director of Science and Robotic Exploration Prof. David Southwood said: This is a new opportunity for Europe to expand its competence in lunar science while tightening the long-standing relationship with India an ever stronger space power. Joining forces is becoming more and more key to future successes. We congratulate ISRO on the successful launch and we are eagerly looking forward to science to beginaâ‚ ¬?.

My Opinion on the Current War essays

My Opinion on the Current War essays I appreciate what the men did for our country way back when, but those wars you spoke of weren't fought over nothing.If the leader of a world power were to publically annouce that you were Evil and must be destroyed and then began destroying countries that too were Evil, wouldn't you want to protect yourself, taking any measures in which to do so? We aren't protecting the rights of humans by attacking them simply because we are scared, we are taking away their rights. Just because those people don't live in America doesn't mean they don't have the right to feel safe and secure in their own homes and their own land? When Afganistan was invaded, they weren't going after a country, they were going after a terrorist group. It's different when you're waging a war against an entire country as a whole. Furthermore, It's obvious that America is going to start this war and drag the rest of the United Nations into the situation and then they are going to feel the full effect of retaliation from "the Evil" countries, while America remains out of harms reach. Maybe I'm just being paranoid but it's rather ironic that these listed-evil countries are also the most prominent oil producing countries. If this does turn out to be about money and oil, what little worldly respect America has, will be destroyed. I do believe that "Our walls need to be guarded" but I don't believe that Other mens walls deserve to be attacked simply because they have been labled. These people have been seen as a threat for centuries, and yet they have never acted against us. I don't think they're stupid enough to act against us, but they too are as proud as Americans are. They aren't going to let themselves be attcked and their lives taken away from them, and we don't have the moral right to make such threats. We have destroyed no countries so far, only helped free one of a regime that oppressed it while raping the land and people for all they're worth. ...

Free Essays on Fall of Man Through Knowledge (comparison of Frankenstien and Genesis)

Throughout history, man has been fascinated with the origins of life. Questions like, â€Å"where did we come from?† and â€Å" how were we created?† have been asked for ages. We have even fantasized about creating life ourselves and the never-ending quest for knowledge pursues to this day. Genesis reflects how one ancient people explained not only their own beginnings, but also the creation of the world. The first few chapters also introduce the â€Å"fall† of humanity. We were created along with the rest of the world and were in paradise, until the opportunity to gain knowledge arose. â€Å"And the serpent said to the woman, ‘you shall not be doomed to die. For God knows that on the day you eat of [the fruit from the tree in the midst of the garden] your eyes will be opened and will become as gods knowing good and evil’† (ch.3, 4-5). Man chose knowledge, which led to his downfall. In my opinion this theme of man’s search for knowledge ultimately leading to â€Å"fall† of humanity is also present in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Both texts are similar in that they serve as warnings for foolish quests for knowledge and power. Shelly wrote in her introduction, â€Å"Frightful must it be for supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavor to mock the stupendous mechanism of the creator of the world† (viii). Victor Frankenstein is obsessed with the attainment of knowledge and trying to immortalize himself through an endeavor. So much so, that his morals seem to be forgotten. Adam and Eve consumed a fruit to feed their hunger for knowledge and Frankenstein became consumed with science to fill his appetite. Victor was longing for God-like power by trying to create life. He did not consider the consequences of his actions of seeking God’s knowledge and neither did Adam and Eve. Victor said, â€Å"What had been the study and desire of the wisest men since the creation of the world was now within my grasp† (11... Free Essays on Fall of Man Through Knowledge (comparison of Frankenstien and Genesis) Free Essays on Fall of Man Through Knowledge (comparison of Frankenstien and Genesis) Throughout history, man has been fascinated with the origins of life. Questions like, â€Å"where did we come from?† and â€Å" how were we created?† have been asked for ages. We have even fantasized about creating life ourselves and the never-ending quest for knowledge pursues to this day. Genesis reflects how one ancient people explained not only their own beginnings, but also the creation of the world. The first few chapters also introduce the â€Å"fall† of humanity. We were created along with the rest of the world and were in paradise, until the opportunity to gain knowledge arose. â€Å"And the serpent said to the woman, ‘you shall not be doomed to die. For God knows that on the day you eat of [the fruit from the tree in the midst of the garden] your eyes will be opened and will become as gods knowing good and evil’† (ch.3, 4-5). Man chose knowledge, which led to his downfall. In my opinion this theme of man’s search for knowledge ultimately leading to â€Å"fall† of humanity is also present in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Both texts are similar in that they serve as warnings for foolish quests for knowledge and power. Shelly wrote in her introduction, â€Å"Frightful must it be for supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavor to mock the stupendous mechanism of the creator of the world† (viii). Victor Frankenstein is obsessed with the attainment of knowledge and trying to immortalize himself through an endeavor. So much so, that his morals seem to be forgotten. Adam and Eve consumed a fruit to feed their hunger for knowledge and Frankenstein became consumed with science to fill his appetite. Victor was longing for God-like power by trying to create life. He did not consider the consequences of his actions of seeking God’s knowledge and neither did Adam and Eve. Victor said, â€Å"What had been the study and desire of the wisest men since the creation of the world was now within my grasp† (11...

Peer Reviewed Sources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Peer Reviewed Sources - Essay Example Based on the idea about bureaucracy, what is important in this approach is the thought that Newton should be involved in a hierarchy, which is an actual situation in an organization where he could adapt the role that each member should consider - with all respect to what would be deemed as something good for the entire group. For this reason, Newton must be able to participate in the actual prevailing situation in an organization with all the willingness to adhere to it by responding to the common good. Thus, it is important to apply necessary roles emphasizing the given situation, but the bottom line of this, particularly in the hybrid relational bureaucratic approach is communication. Thus, there must be a need to consider solving problem associated with the given situation, by making it clear at Newton’s point of view that order should prevail. Considering that Newton’s actuation could probably be off-putting to other employees and eventually to the entire operation, Newton must therefore have incurred something that must have gone beyond the norm and is considered offensive, which at some point may stand as ground for potential violation, something that the company could not excuse with his own level of reasoning. For this reason, disciplinary actions in line with committing offensive moves at work with corresponding degree of infraction should be given to Newton. The case of Newton is the same as the case presented by Martha (2008), although applied in the context of public school officials and students. There was a problem raised in this case because while school guidelines are present, some of them may go against the students’ First Amendments rights. I should consider this as a potential issue when considering disciplinary actions against Newton. If any case, depending on the degree of violation committed and aggravating circumstances earned and discharge would be necessary, probable consideration of

Principles of Operations Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Principles of Operations Management - Assignment Example Receipt of raw materials and dispatch of products From the requirements projected it is learned that this firm has a receipt of raw materials and dispatch of produced goods in quite reasonable quality. This demands the following. a) Receipt area should be near to the road, b) Receipt area has sufficient vehicle parking area. c) Receipt area has sufficient space for material handling equipments and men to work. d) Dispatch area should again be near to road e) In order to avoid difficulties in traffic management ,both receipt and dispatch area is required to be at both axis. Re-Layout of shop floor Generally when considering a re lay out the following should be kept in the mind. a)saving space by utilizing unused areas, b)save resources by reducing distances between similar machineries and related process, c) arrange the equipments/machineries/steps in progressive manner, d) save man and machine efforts by placing more of raw/incomplete products in a given sequence to achieve shorter distance, e)further developments :- always think 10 years in advance and anticipate the automation and use of robots for all production activities. Justification of layout of sections 1. Saw Sawing is given 90 sqm according to the requirement. It need to be near the entrance to facilitate easy movements of raw materials to the shop. Since here the receipt of raw materials is involved there will be lot of movements of personnel consignment carriers had own supervisors and workers. Hence it is located next to the walkway .IT is placed near to the road at the approach to facilitate sufficient parking space to the vehicles. safety of the workers is very important at this sect. 2. Press 1 This is a process required immediately after sawing. Hence need to be next or near to sawing area to

“Little Warrior” by Lucille O’Neal Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Little Warrior† by Lucille O’Neal Essay Lucille O’Neal wrote â€Å" Little Warrior†. The story is about the way Shaquille O’Neal got his name. A young single mother, strict grandparents house, and it was a racist time. A racist time was happening and Martin Luther King was killed. Giving her child a Muslim name with great meaning. Raising a child by yourself is hard to do and she gave her son the best foundations while growing up. The responsibilities and together in order to survive. Andy Greenberg wrote â€Å" A Step Beyond Human† . The story is about Hugh Herr both Herr’s legs were amputated six inches below the knee after a rock climbing trip ended in severe frostbite. His goal to build artificial limbs that are superior to natural ones. He lost both his legs as an adult and a man died saving his life. This Motivated him to help others by creating better prosthetic limbs. Nearly thousand soldiers who have lost limbs in Iraq and Afghanistan. Paralympics athletes will regularly outperform Olympic athletes. May need special disability laws for humans who decline to have their bodies mechanically enhanced, Herr says. The theme of the short story â€Å" Indian Education† by Sherman Alexie is despair, poverty, and alcoholism amongst the lives of the Native American people. In the beginning of his school, he was weak and always bullied and beaten by higher grade students, and punished by his teacher because of his race. As he was growing up, Victor was demanded by his teacher preparing to be a doctor in the future. However, he knew that all Indians had their own dream. Later, he talked more about his life, about how he learn to obey teachers order, his kiss to a white girl, his poor life, death of another Indian and the lost of football his game. At last, he finished his school year with a good ending, but his most of his former classmates learned almost nothing. Victor education was spend in an poor, tragic and full-of-discrimination life, and ended in a numb stoic. He was not the only one, but one among all the Indian tribe whom were called Indians during the past time. I can imagine that it was hard for the O’Neal family during a racist time and Ms. O’Neal was the only provider for the family. I would have been just like Shaquille by obeying my mother and striving for the best. I can’t relate to Hugh Herr awful mishap of loosing both legs. However, I like how he turned a awful accident into a great invention by inventing prosthetic legs. Victor definitely had a hard-life ass a Native American, He had dreams just like many of us today, however we have a greater chance of fulfilling or dreams.

Summative Statement Essay -- Personal Experience

Summative Statement I did not set out to be a teacher nor did I set out to be a leader but today I am both a teacher and a leader in educational technology. Through my studies in the Educational Technology program at the University of Alaska Southeast I have created a solid foundation for that leadership role. My portfolio shows what I have learned in educational technology and my growth as a technology leader. Each artifact was chosen to emphasize what I believe is most important in education for me. They show my commitment to professional growth, my dedication in supporting student learning, and my belief in the strength of collaboration. Early on in my career as a teacher I learned the value of professional growth for myself. This took the form of professional development that I gained from conferences I attended and grants I was awarded. I also knew that I could share what I learned with others within my school and presenting at conferences. As an educational technology leader I use the knowledge and skills gained from my university classes in providing professional develop...

Biogeography as Evidence That Evolution Accounts for Diversity of Life

2) Biogeography is one source of evidence that evolution accounts for the diversity of life. Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of species and has contributed evidence for descent from common ancestors, which was hypothesized by Charles Darwin. Darwin and Alfred Wallace were both very interested in biogeography, which provided Darwin with evidence for evolution. Species distribution can be accounted for by ecological factors or by historical factors. The three major historical factors affecting geographic distribution are dispersal, extinction and vicariance. Island biogeography has been extensively studied to show the evolution of species due to geographic barriers. Biogeography along with the history of the earth lends supporting evidence to evolution and the diversity of life on earth. Darwin showed that biogeographic facts make sense if a species has a definite site of origin, achieves a broader distribution by dispersal, and becomes modified giving rise to descendent species in the regions in which it migrates. He noticed that unrelated organisms inhabit parts of the world with similar climates and habitats, such as Old and New World organisms. Darwin also found that organisms of various regions may be different due to barriers or obstacles that may limit migration. He also stated that there is a relation between inhabitants of the same continent or sea but that species differ from place to place. An example of this is aquatic rodents of South America are related to mountainous and grassland rodents of South America, but not to aquatic rodents of North America. Alfred Wallace noticed that several higher taxa had similar distributions and that the composition of biota is more uniform within certain regions then between them. He had collected specimens in the Malay Archipelago and had thought of natural selection. He did extensive field work in the Amazon and noticed that geographic barriers, such as the Amazon River itself, separated the ranges of closely related species. These observations led him to designate several biogeographic realms. He observed that the fauna of Australia and Asia were different and the break between them is known as the Wallace Line. Historical factors affecting geographic distributions of species include extinction, dispersal, and vicariance. Extinction of certain opulations reduces the distribution of species but it also allows for diversification. Extinctions are selective in that some species are more likely to survive then others. For example, gastropods with wide geographic and ecological distributions and those with many species survived the end-Permian extinction. Extinction can lead to diversification in that it resets the stage for evolutionary radiations, perhaps by p ermitting the appearance of new community structures. Futuyma suggests that the extinction of one group permits the efflorescence of others, which is also shown in the fossil record. Dispersal and vicariance are the major hypotheses attributing to a taxon’s distribution. An example of vicarance is taxa that have members on different land masses in the Southern Hemisphere, which is hypothesized to be due to the breakup of Gondwanaland isolating descendents of common ancestors. America, Africa, Madagascar, and India are all home to the freshwater fishes, cichlids. Molecular phylogenetic analyses has shown that two sister clades of cichlids have been found, one consisting of Madagascan and Indian species, and the other of two monophyletic groups, one in Africa and one in South America. However, the splits between the clades are more recent than the breakup of Gondwanaland which suggests that perhaps the cichlids achieved their distribution by dispersal. Both vicariance and dispersal could be the likely cause of the geographic distribution of cichlids. Species expand their ranges by dispersal which is a critical process for geographic isolation in evolution and the current geographic distributions. Most species are restricted to certain biogeographic realms by their dispersal ability but many species have expanded their range due to human transplant. For example, the European starling has expanded in North America following its introduction into New York City in 1896 (Futuyma, 2005). Transplanted species may disrupt the ecosystem at its new location by evolving and adapting to the new environment, possibly causing the extinction of native species. Adaptation to the environment as a primary product of evolution was suggested by Jean Baptiste Lamarck who believed that evolution is the best explanation of the diversity of life. Vicariance is the separation of populations of a widespread species by barriers arising from changes in climate, geology, or habitat. Vicariance can lead to speciation if populations are separated by a geographic barrier and evolve genetic reproductive isolation such that if the barrier disappears, the species can no longer interbreed. Natural selection is a powerful evolutionary force and therefore the genetic changes that result in reproductive isolation in vicariant speciation are likely due to adaptive evolution. Several geological processes can fragment a population into two, such as a mountain range emerging, rivers, lakes, or land bridges. Island biogeography is a very good example of evidence for evolution. Islands are generally where endemic species of plants and animals are found but Darwin observed that most island species are closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighbouring island. Two islands that have similar environments in different parts of the world are populated by species that are taxonomically affiliated with the plants and animals of the nearest mainland which generally has a different environment. Speciation may occur on islands if a species that disperses from a mainland to an island succeeds in its new environment and gives rise to several new species as populations spread to other islands. Once isolated, geographically separated populations become genetically differentiated as a result of mutation and other processes such as natural selection. Environmental factors are likely to be different from one place to another so natural selection can contribute to geographic variation, differences in the gene pool between populations. Speciation is often a gradual process as the reproductive barriers between the groups is only partial in the beginning but leads to complete reproduction separation (Campbell and Reece, 2002). An example of vicariance and island biogeography is the finches on the Galapagos Islands. Darwin noticed that the finches he collected from the islands were very similar, but that they were in fact different species. Some were unique to individual islands, while other species were distributed on two or more islands that were close together. New finch species had arisen from an ancestral form by the gradual accumulation of adaptations to a different environment. For example, the different beak sizes of the finches are adapted to the specific food available to them on their home island. This is an example of species adapting and evolving to suit their new environment. The Hawaiian Islands are another example of the world’s showcase of evolution and island biogeography. Each island started bare but was gradually populated by species that either rode ocean currents or blew over in the wind, either from distant islands or continents. The physical diversity of each island provides many different environmental opportunities for evolutionary divergence by natural selection. Many of the plants and animals that are currently found on the islands are found nowhere else in the world, they are endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago (Campbell and Reece, 2002). The history of earth also helps to explain the current geographic distribution of species. For example, the emergence of volcanic islands such as the Galapagos opens new environments for species to inhabit and adaptive radiation fills many of the available niches with new species. On a global scale, continental drift is a major factor correlated with the spatial distribution of life and with such evolutionary episodes as mass extinctions followed by increases in biological diversity. The continents drift about earth’s surface on plates of crust floating on the hot mantle and their positions can therefore change relative to one another. At the end of the Paleozoic era, plate movements brought all the landmasses together into a super continent named Pangaea. Species that had been evolving in isolation were brought together at this point and forced to compete. The formation of Pangea reduced shoreline, drained shallow coastal areas, changed the climate and increased the area inland destroying a considerable amount of habitat and reshaping biodiversity. During the Mesozoic, Pangaea broke apart creating new continents that became separate evolutionary areas allowing flora and fauna to diverge. The diversity of life on earth is due to millions of years of evolution. Darwin and Wallace were both important figures in the field of biogeography as their interest and research led to ideas that are still apparent today. Historical geographic factors and the history of the earth are a few aspects that have led to current biodiversity. Biogeography shows compelling evidence that species evolve through natural selection by adapting to new environments. Speciation will continue to occur as the environment changes and as the continents continue to drift. References: Campbell, N. A, and Reece, J. B. 2002. Biology; Sixth Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco. Futuyma, D. J. 2005. Evolution. Sinauer Associates Inc. , Massachusetts.

Nivea: Softening and Standardizing Global Markets

The brand's positioning also made it distinct from other products on the market: It was a multipurpose cream sold at a price that made it available to the masses, rather than to only the upper-class women who were the competition's target market. Over the years, Naive's positioning strategy has remained as simple and steadfast as the now- familiar blue-and-white package. Despite all the technological developments the company has Introduced In skin care products, and all the markets it has sold In, Naive's marketing always focuses on key brand benefits-?high quality, reasonable price, straightforward approach, and mild skin care.This commitment to the mainstream market and focus on multipurpose applications means that every product introduced under the Naive name has to conform to guidelines which ensure that everyone working on the brand around the world knows what it stands for. Naive's marketing strategy is well stated by Roll Sunnis, chairman of the Beresford Group: â€Å"The str ategy of concentration on exploiting market potentials and regional growth opportunities is to be continued. The same applies to moves into new market segments and to increased investment in research and development. Exploiting market potentials means constantly Introducing new products that meet current market needs and the needs of newly targeted market segments. One example from the past Is Naive's emphasis on health and active lifestyles as more women went to work In the 1 sass. Others Include the Introduction of sunscreen, skin protection, and tanning products to match the more active, outdoor lifestyles In vogue from the sass to today: plus products for every skin type and need. To meet the needs of new market segments, Naive expanded its product lines to include children and men.All these new products were guided by the Naive standards: each product must meet a basic need, be simple and uncomplicated, not offer to solve only one specific problem, be a quality leader, and be p riced such that consumers perceive a balanced cost-benefit relationship. Bed's new product strategy was honed in the sass when competitive challenges prompted the company to take steps to revivalist the brand. It used a two-pronged approach. First, to counteract perceptions hat Naive had an older, less dynamic Image, the company for the first time described specific product benefits In Its advertising.Before this, advertising had focused on the variety of settings In which each product could be used, Second, BFD Introduced additional products that would leverage the recognition and reputation of the Naive name In growing segments AT ten mar et K . Nines are sun-Dramas, sun as Naive Shower and Bath, Naive for Men, Naive Sun, Naive Hair Care, Naive Body, Naive Visage, and the recently introduced Naive Baby. In 1990 BFD internationalization its rand's by creating a worldwide name for each product category and implementing common packaging on a global basis.Moreover, all ads, regardless of the country in which they ran, had to evoke a common emotion, use the same typeface, incorporate the same kinds of people, and use a uniform Naive logo. The result is a highly standardized approach to global marketing. Rather than focusing on the individual differences among peoples around the globe, the firm focuses on the similarities. After all, as one company official notes, all people have skin and many people have he same needs and ideas. This leads to a direct approach and a high degree of consistency.When a firm operates in as many markets as BFD, consistency, simplicity, and focus on the same benefits not only create a universal brand image, they also reduce headaches. Many fewer marketing decisions have to be made. Standardized advertising campaigns need be adapted only slightly by translation into the local language. Because the costs can be spread around the globe, it's much less expensive to run a single global campaign rather than many separate regional ones. And m arketing control is much simpler and easier with a standardized program.Packaging costs are reduced and product recognition is very high when people encounter the product in other countries and cultural situations. The second element of the BFD strategy is exploiting regional growth opportunities. Doing so, however, may necessitate some adjustments to the standardized approach. Because Naive Creme is a European product, its appeal and marketing approach can be very similar in many parts of the globe. The United States, Canada, Latin America, and South America were all populated by European settlers.This produces some commonality in cultural background and light skin type, with the result that many products developed for the German market can be sold in these markets with little or no product or marketing adaptation. A focus on healthy, glowing skin will sell cosmetics in nearly all these markets. Of course, the company might use darker-haired models with more olive complexions in th e Latin and South American markets. And it might develop tailored sub-brands and programs for important sub-segments of all these markets.However, as Naive moves further away from this common European cultural base, its products may be less well suited to the market. This is particularly true in African nations, where a majority of people have much darker skin and may require different sorts of moisturizer and sunscreen products. In between the European and African markets are the Asian markets, which are characterized by yellow and frequently more pale complexions. Although Naive sells well in some Asian markets, such as Indonesia and Thailand, it sells less well in Japan.The difference in sales is attributable to both market and cultural conditions. In the past, Japanese markets were strongly protected and there was relatively little competition from non- domestic manufacturers. Unfortunately for Japanese merchants, the resulting high prices provided a strong lure to foreign produ cers. When BFD first entered the Japanese market, it was highly successful. But as Japanese markets have opened up, competition has increased, price maintenance has been abolished, and prices have fallen.As a result, BFD has reduced the number of products sold there, and focused on ten more pro Detailed ones. I nerve are cultural Territories Detente markets sun as Germany, the United States, and Japan. Germany and the United States are classified as â€Å"low-context countries,† which means that ads should state explicitly what the product will do. Japan, in contrast, is a â€Å"high-context† country in which product claims do not need to be stated explicitly. Rather, because Japanese consumers want to form relationships with companies, the company itself should be prominently featured in advertising.If the company is worthy of consideration, then the quality of TTS products is assumed to be high. Thus, an advertising campaign prepared for Germany requires more than Ju st a little tweaking in order to promote products successfully in Japan. All these differences argue for more adaptation of Naive products and marketing to match cultural and market differences outside Germany and the European market. However, as economies develop, they tend to acquire many of the same tastes as developed economies. An example is Russia, where men -? especially younger men-?are beginning to spend more on cosmetics.They are eying many of the same brands as their Western European counterparts-?Gillette, Naive for Men, Old Spice, and a few designer brands such as Christian Dior, Airman, Boss Lance, Arms, Guy Larch, Gucci, and Pace Arabian. Price is not the crucial variable in the purchase decision-?men are buying based on product characteristics such as fragrance and brand awareness. For companies such as Naive and Gillette, which are willing to spend on advertising, the market seems quite responsive. The bottom line is the increasing homogeneities that argues against customization of arduous for specific markets.Speaking of bottom lines, Beresford has done very well with its own. Total sales for Beresford cosmetics business grew at 5. 7 percent in 1996, despite decreased sales of the company's higher priced Label and Atria lines and lower sales in Japan. The Naive line grew by 13. 3 percent, far outpacing the more expensive cosmetics and skin care products. However, growth around the world has been uneven. Although Bed's brands experienced double-digit growth in Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, Southern Europe, and South America, sales growth withinGermany and some Northern European countries has been much lower due to the difficult economic situation. Naive held its own in the United States, but grew by 36. 3 percent in Mexico. Despite strong growth in Thailand and Indonesia, sales in Asia and Australia fell by 10. 4 percent, affected by the downward trend in Japan and China. Compounding the Japanese losses are unfavorable exchange rates between th e yen and the mark, which reduced earnings even further. Even so, although the overall global picture for Beresford is quite good, it's still Just a little fuzzy in some parts of the world.

Free Essays on There Are No Children Here

There are no Children Here Alex Kotlowitz's book, There are no Children Here, deals with the subject of race, values, and community responsibility of the urban underclass. The American inner city deals with the issues such as violent crime and drug wars. With these two explosive issues, the neighborhood experiences the downward spiral of social separation, unemployment and welfare dependence. The lives of two black boys, Lafayette, 10 and Pharaoh, 7 are followed as they struggle to grow up in one of Chicago's worst housing projects. Lafayette and Pharaoh are not any different than many of their neighbors. Their mother is welfare dependent. Their father is an alcoholic and drug abuser. In the home, there are other siblings, an older brother and sister along with younger triplets, just like so many other families in the area. Kotlowitz takes you into an offensively maintained housing project infested with gangs, where murders and shootings are an everyday thing. The image of the devastation and the despair of no hope of the people living inside the project are vivid. One can truly sense the hopefulness, grasping the loss of family and ardently desire a new life for the boys. You hold out hope that things will work out for the boys. In America's minefield of urban life, Lafayette and Pharaoh are surrounded by violence and poverty through their lives. The neighborhood had no banks, no public libraries, no movie theatres, no skating rinks, or bowling allies. The lack of respectable businesses only contributes to the demise of the neighborhood and unemployment in the area. With the drug lords keeping shop in an abandoned building, drug abuse is rampant and shooting is common. There were no drug rehabilitation programs or centers to help combat the problem. Police feared going into the ghetto for their own safety. There are no Children Here embraces Lafayette and Pharaoh over a two-year period in which they struggle with school, attemp... Free Essays on There Are No Children Here Free Essays on There Are No Children Here The subject matter of the book shows the conditions of poor people in the subsidized housing projects of Chicago, Illinois. The Riverses are members of a poor family. The family lives in Henry Horner Homes, a subsidized housing project in Chicago. The family relies on welfare and federal assistance for support. They cannot afford most luxuries and many necessities; therefore, life is an ongoing struggle to survive. Many adults and children reside in the family's household. These extra family members further strain the family's resources and cramp their living room in the family's apartment. LaJoe has eight children, all living in the apartment: LaShawn, Weasel, Terence, Lafayette, Pharoah, Tammie, Tiffany, and Timothy. LaShawn has three children: one of which is named DeShawn. Terence has three children also: one of which is nicknamed "Snuggles." Paul, LaJoe's ex-husband, stays with the family on occasion. Leila Mae, LaJoe's mother, sometimes stays with the family. Gangs control the buildings in the projects. Gang members hire residents of the buildings to store weapons and drugs in their apartments. Gang members sell drugs in the neighborhoods and attempt to obtain help selling drugs from small children. Some gangs break into apartments to steal from them and use them as safe havens against the police and other law enforcement agencies. Gangs have "turf wars" which result in gun battles which injure and kill many people, most of which are innocent bystanders. The buildings of the Chicago Housing Authority are in disrepair and mismanaged. The employees at the Chicago Housing Authority embezzle money from the budget. A review finds several employees guilty and they are fired. The buildings of the Chicago Housing Authority are in disrepair. Rusted appliances litter the basements. The heating coils in the buildings' furnaces are missing. The buildings have not been painted in many years. Some buildings have numerous bloodstains in them fro... Free Essays on There Are No Children Here There are no Children Here Alex Kotlowitz's book, There are no Children Here, deals with the subject of race, values, and community responsibility of the urban underclass. The American inner city deals with the issues such as violent crime and drug wars. With these two explosive issues, the neighborhood experiences the downward spiral of social separation, unemployment and welfare dependence. The lives of two black boys, Lafayette, 10 and Pharaoh, 7 are followed as they struggle to grow up in one of Chicago's worst housing projects. Lafayette and Pharaoh are not any different than many of their neighbors. Their mother is welfare dependent. Their father is an alcoholic and drug abuser. In the home, there are other siblings, an older brother and sister along with younger triplets, just like so many other families in the area. Kotlowitz takes you into an offensively maintained housing project infested with gangs, where murders and shootings are an everyday thing. The image of the devastation and the despair of no hope of the people living inside the project are vivid. One can truly sense the hopefulness, grasping the loss of family and ardently desire a new life for the boys. You hold out hope that things will work out for the boys. In America's minefield of urban life, Lafayette and Pharaoh are surrounded by violence and poverty through their lives. The neighborhood had no banks, no public libraries, no movie theatres, no skating rinks, or bowling allies. The lack of respectable businesses only contributes to the demise of the neighborhood and unemployment in the area. With the drug lords keeping shop in an abandoned building, drug abuse is rampant and shooting is common. There were no drug rehabilitation programs or centers to help combat the problem. Police feared going into the ghetto for their own safety. There are no Children Here embraces Lafayette and Pharaoh over a two-year period in which they struggle with school, attemp... Free Essays on There Are No Children Here As we are often clouded by our optimistic views of society and equality, we tend to assume that every child has an equal chance at growing up and achieving their own â€Å"American Dream.† We would all like to believe that children are growing up in equal environments that allow them to develop and succeed in life. However, these optimistic views are not at all realistic. Though we want to see equal opportunities for every child, the stark truth about poverty stricken housing projects is a matter that certainly exists. The idea of fairness we have made up in our minds is not often the case, and through Alex Kotlowitz’s There Are No Children Here, our eyes are opened to many of the harsh situations such as poverty, gangs, racism, and violence that children are forced to grow up in. Alex Kotlowitz attempts to expose the truths of poverty, race, and children throughout his literary works. He is widely known for his concerns for urban affairs and social issues in his writings in The Wall Street Journal. Kotlowitz grew up in New York City and worked as a community organizer in Atlanta in the mid-70’s. He graduated from Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut where he received two degrees. Before the start of his career with The Wall Street Journal he worked as a freelance journalist, contributing to â€Å"The MacNeil-Lebrer Newshour,† National Public Radio, and numerous magazines. In 1985 he was approached to write an essay for a Chicago magazine on the subject of children living in poverty. His first book, There Are No Children Here, came about from a series of articles he wrote for The Wall Street Journal. This book has received a number of awards including the Helen B. Bernstein Award for Excellence in Journalism, the Carl Sandburg A ward and a Christopher Award. His ability to accurately portray the children of the Chicago projects while still informing the reader’s heart has been recognized by many and earned the...

Parkinson Disease

Parkinson Disease Introduction Parkinson’s disease is one of the neurological disorders referred to as motor system disorders considering that these conditions are implicated in the loss of brain cells particularly dopamine-producing cells. As a result, Parkinson’s disease is recognized by four primary symptoms including stiffness or rigidity (of the trunk and limbs), bradykinesia, tremor or trembling (in the hands, arms, face, legs, and jaw), and postural instability.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Parkinson Disease specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, progression of the primary symptoms leads to more pronounced symptoms such as difficulties in carrying out simple tasks, talking, or walking. Additionally, PD is common among the elderly people above the age of 50 years with the early symptoms being subtle and gradual while individual differences are obvious in terms of disease progression. Here, progression of the primary symptoms results into more pronounced effects such as interference with normal physiological activities in the patient’s body. Moreover, PD is associated with depression; emotional changes; skin problems; constipation; sleep disruptions; and difficulties in speaking, swallowing, and chewing (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS], 2012a). Currently, there are no known diagnostic tests for PD, and hence, many doctors rely on medical histories and other neurological examinations for diagnosis. As a result, many challenges are encountered during PD diagnosis, and the accuracy of tests is not guaranteed. Moreover, differential diagnosis may be initiated to rule out the presence of other related conditions. On the other hand, there is no known cure for Parkinson’s disease, but various medications and therapeutic interventions, which provide remarkable symptomatic relief, are available (NINDS, 2012a; Claassen, van den Wilde nberg, Ridderinkhof, 2011; Wilkinson, Beigi, Lagnado, Jahanshahi, 2011; Tiihonen, Lankinen, Viemero, 2008). This research paper compares and contrasts the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions such as the administration of Levodopa, Carbidopa, anticholinergics, and other drugs; the deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgical therapy, and the cognitive-behavioral patient education programs in the reduction or management of symptoms in PD. Additionally, this paper will recommend the most appropriate approach to treating PD in addition to examining the neuro-physiological foundations of diseases and/or disorders, and the contemporary attitudes toward the three therapeutic interventions listed above.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Approaches to the Treatment of Parkinson’s disease Pharmacological Interventions Amid enormous progress in the treatment of PD in the last few years, Levodopa has been the most effective medical therapy for controlling symptoms in PD. Additionally, other drugs such as dopamine agonists (DA), non-dopaminergic agents, and catechol-o-methyl-transferase (COMT) inhibitors have shown considerable success in controlling PD symptoms (Jankovic Aguilar, 2008; Claassen et al., 2011). However, it is important to note that before initiating any form of medical therapy, there is the need to assess the levels of motor, sensory, autonomic, and mental impairment through correct diagnosis. Additionally, the medical interventions should be individualized for each patient. Accordingly, Levodopa is very effective in ameliorating bradykinesia-related symptoms in PD patients. Despite its efficacy, studies indicate that Levodopa is implicated in the development of motor complications (fluctuations and dyskinesias). However, the conventional preparation of Levodopa and Carbidopa improves the therapeutic efficacy of Levodopa . In addition, it is recommended that the onset of Levodopa therapy should be delayed to avoid the underlying motor complications associated with the drug (Jankovic Aguilar, 2008). In addition to the duration and cumulative dose of Levodopa therapy, other risk factors such as the genetic predispositions to PD have been implicated in the development of Levodopa-induced dyskinesias. As a result, reduction of the cumulative dosage, the use of antidyskinetic drugs, and surgery improves Levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Despite the effectiveness of Levodopa in controlling PD symptoms, studies indicate that the drug may be neurotoxic. Additionally, the duration of treatment with Levodopa has been implicated in the development of Levodopa-induced complications, which underlie delays in the initiation of Levodopa therapy until the PD symptoms start to interfere with the body functions and patient’s lifestyles (Jankovic Aguilar, 2008). As a result, it is recommended to use dopamine agon ists (DA) prior to initiating Levodopa therapy considering that DA agonists can improve PD symptoms, and hence, becoming an alternative to delaying the initiation of Levodopa therapy. The efficacy of DA agents depends on their ability to activate DA receptors by circumventing the synthesis of DA in the presynaptic membrane.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Parkinson Disease specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, studies indicate that the activation of D2 receptors in concurrence with D1 stimulation mediates the effects of DA agonists in terms of improving physiological and behavioral effects associated with PD. Among the DA agonists in use, Pramipexole is the most effective and safe drug, which can be administered as monotherapy, and hence, achieving Levodopa sparing, exerting neuroprotective effects, and improving PD clinical symptoms. However, studies indicate that Levodopa still remains superior to DA agonists in terms of providing prolonged motor control; longer life expectancy; and lower levels of hallucinations, edema, and vomiting in comparison to DA agonists (Jankovic Aguilar, 2008). In the early stages of PD treatment, non-dopaminergic drugs including anticholinergics and amantadine have been shown to provide similar levels of symptomatic relief as their dopaminergic counterparts. Most importantly, anticholinergics are effective in controlling tremors among young PD patients. However, the usefulness of anticholinergics in controlling PD symptoms has been limited by various side effects such as urinary complications, dry mouth, and cognitive impairment. Generally, pharmacological approaches to the treatment of PD are quite effective despite the underlying side effects. Additionally, it is important to individualize therapies on the basis of scientific rationale, which should aim at controlling symptoms and disease progression (Jankovic Aguilar, 2008). Deep Brain Stimul ation (DBS) Therapy Due to the underlying side effects associated with pharmacological approaches to PD treatment, contemporary studies aided by technological advancements have increased the understanding of the mechanisms regarding neurodegeneration, and therefore, providing effective therapeutic strategies to PD treatment such as DBS.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unlike the use of pharmacological agents for controlling PD symptoms, DBS employs surgical procedures to treat neurological symptoms such as tremor, walking problems, stiffness or rigidity, and slowed movement (National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke [NINDS], 2012b; Wilkinson et al., 2011). However, despite DBS providing an alternative approach to controlling many debilitating symptoms in comparison to pharmacological agents, its current use is limited to patients whose response to medications is inadequate. Basically, DBS is a cognitive approach to treating PD, which utilizes a surgically implanted neurostimulator to send electrical signals to specific sections of the brain particularly the areas controlling movement. As a result, the artificial signals block the abnormal signals implicated in the development of essential tremor and other PD symptoms. In comparison to pharmacological agents whose administration is aided by diagnostic tests, which may be inaccurate an d unreliable, DBS surgical therapy is aided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT) techniques for initial PD diagnosis. These techniques are used to scan the brain in order to locate the exact position of nerve signals, which produce PD symptoms (NINDS, 2012b; Jankovic Aguilar, 2008; Wilkinson et al., 2011). Additionally, DBS surgical therapy may involve the use of microelectrode recording devices to monitor nerve cells within a specific area to identify and locate precise brain targets more accurately. In most cases, initial PD diagnosis identifies and locates the globus pallidus, thalamus, and subthalamic nucleus as the target areas within the brain, which are subject to abnormal nerve functioning. Therefore, it is evident that the initiation of DBS surgical therapy is founded on accurate determination of specific brain regions exhibiting abnormal nervous functioning in order to administer accurate symptomatic interventions. Compared to pharmacological ag ents whose targets are non-specific, DBS surgical therapy is more specific, and achieves remarkable symptomatic relief in real-time (Jankovic Aguilar, 2008; Wilkinson et al., 2011). Accordingly, the basic DBS system includes the lead, the extension, and the neurostimulator. After identifying and locating the target area, the lead (electrode) is inserted through the skull with the tip of the lead reaching the target area. The extension (electrical wire) connects the lead to the neurostimulator, and in most cases, it passes under the skin around the head, neck, and shoulders. The neurostimulator is a battery-operated device inserted under the skin around the collarbone, chest, or the abdomen. Upon installation, artificial electrical impulses are delivered right from the neurostimulator through the extension to the lead, and finally to the targeted areas in the brain. As the impulses reach the brain, they interfere or block the activities of abnormal nerve signals, which produce PD sy mptoms, and hence providing immediate and prolonged symptomatic relief. In comparison to pharmacological agents, DBS surgical therapy is an effective PD treatment strategy that achieves symptomatic relief with minimal or no side effects. Furthermore, DBS does not cause damage to brain tissues or nerve cells as opposed to earlier surgical procedures (NINDS, 2012b). Most importantly, the stimulation generated by the neurostimulator can be adjusted whenever the patients begin to show remarkable improvement. However, most PD patients are required to take their medications post-DBS treatment, but studies indicate that a good number of patients experience low levels of PD symptoms after undergoing DBS surgery, and therefore, the frequency of taking medications is greatly reduced. Consequently, the reduced frequency of medication intake improves the associated side effects including dyskinesias (NINDS, 2012b). Cognitive-Behavioral Patient Education Programs From the foregoing discussions, it is apparent that both the pharmacological agents and surgical therapies improve various PD symptoms with remarkable effectiveness. However, none of the two therapeutic interventions seeks to address other aspects of PD such as the patients’ quality of life, psychosocial welfare, and depression. As a result, the cognitive-behavioral patient education programs for persons with PD are alternative symptom management approaches to treating PD through evaluating the patients’ capacity to adjust to the disease symptoms, training the patients to cope with symptoms, and providing supportive services (Tiihonen et al., 2008). Therefore, the initial approaches to these programs entail measuring the psychosocial effects of disease symptoms. For example, it is recognized that PD affects both the primary motor functions of patients and the psychological/social functions of patients through the physical symptoms, which influence the patients’ normal activities. Therefore, th e primary symptoms may lead to other secondary symptoms such as depression, social stress, lack of motivation, and lack of emotions. The prevalence of depression among PD patients ranges from 7-70%. Additionally, the motor symptoms associated with PD have been associated with social stigmatization. Subsequently, the behavioral symptoms may as well worsen the primary motor symptoms. For instance, studies indicate that stress increases the negative effects of motor symptoms in patients with PD. As a result, the synergistic association between the primary and secondary PD symptoms is a matter of concern for many scientists. Consequently, many researchers have recommended various intervention approaches aiming at reducing the psychosocial consequences of PD. Here, patient education forms the basis for supporting patients through their efforts to improve their lives. Therefore, patient education complements the work of medical and surgical treatments. Moreover patient education dissemina tes knowledge and instrumental skills to persons with PD in order to increase capacity in terms of self-management (managing behavioral and emotional stressors). Basically, the programs utilize stress resistance training, relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, and social skills training to achieve various goals particularly improving self-management skills among the patients (Tiihonen et al., 2008). Therefore, compared to the other two therapeutic interventions, cognitive-behavioral programs employ different approaches toward reducing psychosocial consequences of PD, which are directly associated with motor symptoms. Overall, this is a very effective therapeutic strategy compared to the other two in ameliorating the psychosocial symptoms of PD such as depression and social stigmatization. Hence, it is obvious from the foregoing discussions that no one therapeutic intervention is effective in controlling all the symptoms associated with PD. This is because pharmacological agen ts have side effects despite their remarkable efficacy in controlling some of the PD symptoms. On the other hand, DBS surgical therapy is quite effective in reducing a good number of PD symptoms, but it must be used concurrently with other medical therapies. Further, cognitive-behavioral approaches to treating PD are very effective in reducing psychosocial consequences of PD with minimal or no effect to motor symptoms of PD. As a result, the most effective approach to treating PD should entail the use of all the three treatment options. The reason why the three treatment options will work together is that they complement one another. For example, pharmacological agents cannot achieve complete treatment due to inherent limitations and side effects, and thus, DBS surgical therapy may compensate for these limitations. Conversely, the two treatment options may not be effective in controlling psychosocial symptoms of PD, and therefore, cognitive-behavioral therapies should come into play . The Neuro-physiological underpinnings of Diseases and Disorders The discussions above highlight different approaches to diagnosing and treating PD, which is a neurological disorder or disease. Therefore, it is important to analyze the scientific foundations underlying these approaches. Over the years, scientists in the field of clinical neurophysiology have been involved in neuro-physiological studies with the aim of providing insights into the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases and disorders. Here, these scientists measure and assess the activities of the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the skeletal muscles using various neuro-physiological procedures. The most common procedures underlying various neuro-physiological studies include polysomnography, EMG, EEG, MEG, movement monitoring, and intraoperative monitoring among others (Walton, 2001). Some of these procedures such as EEG and EMG are employed in the measurement of direct signals or potentials originating from the body systems or muscles. These mechanisms underlie the process of identifying and locating specific target areas exhibiting abnormal functions as noted earlier. On the other hand, chemical and mechanical techniques are used in measuring various parameters such as respiratory effort, blood pressure, behavioral monitoring, oxygen saturation, and body motion among others. Moreover, these techniques may be used together or separately for epilepsy monitoring, neonatal EEG recording, and movement analysis (Walton, 2003). Therefore, the correct selection and application of the procedures described above requires that one understands the scientific foundations of clinical neurology and normal neurophysiology in order to identify and locate abnormal functions associated with different neurological diseases and disorders under investigation. Here, it is important to note that the specialty of clinical neurophysiology deals with many diseases and disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, polyneuropathies, myopathies, epilepsy, dementia, sleep disorders, developmental or genetic disorders, and many more (Walton, 2003). On the other hand, with the advent of the current technological advancements, more accurate and faster procedures of diagnosis are becoming available to the field of neurophysiology. As a result, there is the need to embrace the efficiency and effectiveness that comes with the new technologies by incorporating them into the existing procedures in order to realize the full benefits of both. Currently, many people are of the opinion that the current diagnostic procedures and even the therapeutic interventions for different diseases and disorders are not adequate or effective in one way or another. Consequently, these contemporary attitudes toward the current procedures and treatment options will guide the future of diagnosis and treatment of various neurological diseases/disorders including Parkinson’s disease. Ultim ately, the future of treatment approaches for PD will be marked by the advent of more advanced procedures, which will utilize the neuro-physiological foundations underlying the three treatment options described in the foregoing discussions. Besides the future treatment strategies will be tailored to fit into the requirements of individualized therapies. References Claassen, D.O., van den Wildenberg, W.P.M., Ridderinkhof, K.R. (2011). The risky business of dopamine agonists in Parkinson Disease and impulse control disorders. Behavioral Neuroscience, 125(4), 492-500. Jankovic, J., Aguilar, L.G. (2008). Current approaches to the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat., 4(4), 743-757. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS]. (2012a). NINDS Parkinson’s disease. USA: National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS]. (2012b). NINDS Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. 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