Inherent Risk Essay

Inherent risk Computerizing risk Non-routine transactions (Beasley 2010, p268) ‘Transactions that are unusual for the client are more likely than routine transactions to be incorrectly recorded, because of the client often lacks experience in recording them. ’ Why it is risk: Santos use a series of computerizing or IT technology to support their business for increase market competition. IT technology has been used for trade ordering systems between customs and Santos. Customers can order or purchase goods online. Therefore, non-routine transactions might occur if customers not familiar with the computerizing system. What’s more, Computerizing system would always make the same mistake, if the system has not designed properly. Thus, It might also contain some misstatement of transactions or increase opportunities that the transaction record incorrectly, such as , some of sales transactions might record in ‘other income’ due to computerizing system design mistake. Misstatement of sales account would lead to estimate wrong actual profit at the end of financial year, thus it contain risks to estimate wrong also affect the Evidence: Make sure that the computerizing system had been designed properly; review the computerizing system to identify whether there are some mistakes. Investigate sales account and other income account, identify whether every transaction has been recorded correctly. Management risk Factors related to fraudulent financial reporting and misappropriation of assets (ASA 240 incentives/pressures) Adverse relationship between the entity and employees with access to cash or other assets susceptible to the theft may motivate those employees to misappropriate those assets, for xample: promotions, compensation, or other rewards inconsistent with expectations. Management and weaknesses in internal control may be present when misstatement due to either fraudulent financial reporting or misappropriation. Why it is risk (ASA240 ) Asset misstatement or been record incorrectly due to motivation that theft could benefit from it. Weak management of internal environment would lead to fraud or misst atement happened by personal motivation.

Parents Are Too Permissive with Their Children Nowadays Essay

Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children, but if you were a parent in those days, at least you know where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and company did away with all that and parents have been bewildered ever seen. The child’s happiness is all important, the psychologists say, but what about the parent’s happiness? Parents suffer constantly from fear and guilt while their children gaily romp about pulling the place part. A good old-rearing manual would permit such barbarity. The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout. Who knows what deep psychological wounds you might inflict? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic experience. So too is that parents bend over backwards to avoid giving their children, complexes which a hundred years ago hadn’t even heard of. Certainly a child needs love, and a lot of it. But the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good. Psychologists have succeeded in undermining parent’s confidence in their own authority. And it hasn’t taken children long to get wind of the fact. In addition to the great modern classics on children care, there are countless articles in magazines and newspapers. With so much unsolicited advice flying about, mum and dad just don’t know that to do anymore. In the end, they do nothing at all. So, from early childhood, the kids are in changes and parents lives are regulated according to the needs of their offspring. When the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control. Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents the entire move violent. If the young people are going to have a party for instance, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely spoils the fun. What else can the poor parents do but obey? Children are hardly creatures (far harder than the psychologists would have us believe) and most of them survive the harmful in influence of extreme permissiveness which is the normal condition in the modern household. Bit a great many do not. The spread of juvenile delinquency in our own age is largely due to parental laxity. Mother, believing that little Johnny can look after himself, is not at home when he returns from school, so little Johnny roams the streets. The diving ‘line between permissiveness and sheer negligence is very fine indeed. The psychologists have much to answer for. They should keep their mouths shut and let parents get on with the job. And if children are knocked about a little bit in the process, it may not really matter too much. At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them something positive to react against. Perhaps there’s some truth in the idea that children who’re had a surfeit of happiness in their childhood emerge like stodgy puddings and fail to make a success of life.

Climate Change Paper Essay

Global climate change is one of the most urgent environmental problems we have to acknowledge today. The world, as we have observed and recorded data over the last several decades, is in the midst of an unexpected alteration. Temperature in the winter season is changing more than other seasons and mid to high latitude positions are showing comparatively bigger changes than those of low latitudes. The water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone and many other chemical compounds in the atmosphere which absorb thermal radiation emitted by Earth’s surface and atmosphere, are increasing, contributing to the significant changes in our global climate. Over the past one hundred years, Earth’s average surface temperature has increased by approximately 0.74 degrees Celsius and for the past 16 years from 1995-2010, 15 of those years were among the warmest years in the instrumental record of global surface temperatures since 1850. (IPCC, 2007) It has been shown that since the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have risen exponentially and steadily as a result of the combustion of fossil fuels as an energy source for industrialized nations and developing nations alike. Apart from that, deforestation also play a major role in global warming as forested lands are typically cleared and burned for farming. The sea levels have as a result of the associated thermal expansion of ocean waters and melting of glaciers, shown to rise at a rate of 1.8 millimeters per year in the past century. A rise in sea levels will have serious implications on coastal environments or small islands from the perspectives of both natural ecosystems and human populations as a large portion of the human population live in coastal areas. There would be direct inundation of low-lying wetlands and dryland areas, increased salinity of estuaries and aquifers, heightened storm surges and floods. Apart from that, changes in the global climate patterns will exacerbate an already increasing problem of feeding the world population, which is predicted to increase to approximately 9 billion from the current 7 billion by 2050. Dominant food crops like corn, rice, wheat, are likely subjected to  abnormal changes in  temperature and moisture that control growth, survival, and reproduction. Shifts in the geographic range of some crop species may result in significant changes in regional land use patterns that come with social and potentially hefty economic costs. According to a major study conducted by the Environmental Change Unit at Oxford University which carried out a collaborative study with agricultural scientists from 18 countries to examine the regional and global implications of climate change, there would be an up to five percent reduction of global production of cereal crops and the current disparity in cereal crop production between developed and developing countries w ill be extended further. Results of the study, in general, showed that agricultural production in developed countries, which are mostly located in the temperate regions, would increase while agricultural production in developing countries as a whole, would decrease by approximately ten percent, exacerbating the widespread hunger issue common in those countries. As cultivation shifts polewards, plant growth and production would be largely affected by changes in the distribution of rainfall and the increase of ultraviolet radiation, and aggravated problems of salinity, erosion, and desertification. Extreme climatic events would also occur more frequently. Warmer temperatures may cause some crops to grow faster than usual and reduce yields during the summer time when the temperature goes above the optimum growing temperature. Aside from that, more extreme weather events like floods and droughts with extreme temperature and precipitation changes can prevent cereal crops from harvest at all. Take for instance, in 2008, the Mississippi River flooded just prior the harvest period for several crops, resulting in a massive loss of revenue for farmers. Also, pests, weeds and fungi favored by a warmer climate would continue to proliferate and build up resistance through sexual recombination, to pose an even greater threat to current domesticated crop varieties. Many pest, weeds and fungi thrive under warmer, wetter climates with increased carbon dioxide levels. Currently, farmers spend billions of dollars every year to combat these threats and with the changes in climate, it is predicted that the ranges of  weeds and pests are likely to expand northward, potentially creating new problems for farmers’ crops previously unexposed to these species. In order to combat climate change from an agricultural standpoint, farmers can adapt by adjusting planting patterns, practice soil management techniques in response to the changing weather patterns. There are various methods like contour and strip cropping and no-till† reduced tillage that can help prevent soil loss due to wind and water erosion. Similarly, farmers could consider planting trees and shrubs for the purpose of providing wind barriers to reduce soil erosion. Apart from that, crop rotations like the planting of corn for a growing season and soybean the next growing season, limits the likelihood that pests can proliferate and potentially reduce use of nitrogen fertilizers. Farmers could also apply manure or leguminous cover crops in place of chemical fertilizers. While such methods are useful to combat climate change, some of the methods may not be feasible in certain areas and even if they are feasible, the yields will not necessarily match the amount of conventional farming. As the climate changes, the demand for Federal risk management programs may increase and farmers could potentially invest in the development of droughttolerant varieties and even consider biotechnology. Genetically modified crops, made for the purpose of higher yields and little to no use of chemicals, may potentially negate the effects of climate change to a large extent if it is easily made and widely implemented. Unfortunately, there are limitations in each technology and it takes a variety of ecosystems to make changes that will cause a significance, in reducing the impact of climate change. References Jones, R., Ougham H., Thomas H., Waaland S. (2013) Flooding deprives plants of oxygen, affecting respiratory processes, gene expression and acclimatory changes in structure. The Molecular Life of Plants, First edn. New Jersey, Wiley-Blackwell. 15: 564-565 IPPC (2007) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sheaffer, C and Moncada, K. (2013) Introduction to Agronomy: Food, Crops, and Environment. Second edn. New Jersey, Wiley-Blackwell. 8: 51-89 Agrios, G.N. (1997) Plant Pathology, Academic Press Rosenzweig, C. et al. (2000) Climate Change and U.S. Agriculture: The Impacts of Warming and Extreme Weather Events on Productivity, Plant Diseases, and Pests, Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School (http://www.med.harvard. edu/chge/reports/climate_change_us_ag.pdf) Oerke, E.C. et al. (1994) Crop Production and Crop Protection: Estimated Losses in Major Food and Cash Crops, Elsevier Epstein, P.R. (1999) Climate and health. Science 285, 347–348 Harvell, C.D. et al. (2002) Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296, 2158–2162

CyberLaw & the use of cookies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CyberLaw & the use of cookies - Essay Example Many of the e-commerce sites directly ask users for personal information such as name, date of birth, e-mail address, credit card details etc, through forms which the users need to fill up online. However, in addition to such information, many sites also record data about their users browsing habits. This data can be matched with personal and demographic information to create a profile of user preferences. This information collected by theses sites might be used to target advertising or offer customized services. Or, sites might engage in web lining, where different users are offered different prices based on their profiles (Lin, N.D). Unauthorized access to personal information on the Internet remains relatively easy in the absence of encryption technology. Encryption is the process of obscuring data to make it unreadable without special knowledge or technology. Encryption is the method used to protect communications for centuries. But only organizations and individuals with an extraordinary need for privacy had made use of the technology for example: Government establishment, Banks etc. Now a days encryption technology is used in protecting widely-used systems, such as Internet e-commerce, mobile telephone networks and bank ATM. Encryption can be used to ensure secrecy, but other techniques are still needed to make communications secure, particularly to verify the integrity and authenticity of a message (Wikipedia, 2006). Whether or not the exposure of privacy on the Internet is overstated, it is undisputed that there are security risks associated with its use. It is safer to assume, for the present, that the Internet is not yet a secure medium over which to communicate financial and personal information without having due consideration of the risks and legal issues involved. Apart from traditional privacy concerns like surveillance and unauthorized access to information, the

PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR - Essay Example Taylor and Brown (1986) are of the view that a person containing positive illusions about his own self and others also maintains healthy mind, because mental information system has the capability to reach a happy and optimistic conclusion. The researchers, above-mentioned, have discussed their socio-psychological perspective of mental health under the title Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health. In this research paper, Taylor and Brown analyze how mental health has been co-related with perceiving realities without any illusion of optimism. According to this model, individuals mildly distort reality to their benefit due to self-serving biases. This construct represents an in-depth synthesis of many models. (Luca, 1999:37) The past researches used to measure mental soundness of individuals by their vision of realistic thoughtfulness. A dominant position has maintained that the psychologically healthy person is one who maintains close contact with reality. (Taylor & Brown, 1988:193) Taylor & Brown do not go eye to eye with the notion of assessing mental health with mere the soundness of realism; rather, they are of the opinion that unrealistic positive illusions serve as the definite indicators of metal health on the one hand and are highly supportive in keeping the mind healthy on the other for an individuals cognitive development and mental fitness. Cognitive development refers to the growth of mental processes as well as ability to think and perceive. It also discusses how an individual learns by his innate mental capabilities and from society. The study of cognitive psychology is motivated by scientific curiosity, by the desire for practical applications, and by the need to provide a foundation for other fields of social science. (Anderson, 1990:1) Taylor & Brown, emphasize on the significance of positive illusion for judging

Is the Criminal Justice System Fair and Functional Essay

Is the Criminal Justice System Fair and Functional - Essay Example For any act to be considered a crime, its actus reus must be shown. Actus reus can be in any of the following forms: â€Å"An act, or a failure to act (an omission), or a state of affairs† (Challenge College 2013, p. 2). In the first form above, an act, it must be shown that an act committed violates the law and if this cannot be shown then there cannot be any liability. For instance, in the crime of murder the actus reus is the unlawful killing of a person. Another way of assigning liability is through showing that an undesirable or otherwise incident took place because of a failure to act. The case of Pittwood (1902) bests illustrates how a failure to act may result in criminal liability (Challenge College 2013, p. 8). Lastly, crime liability can be proved through showing the state of affairs. Proof of a state of affairs that is declared wrong is enough to assign crime liability. Mens Rea This is another condition which has to be proven for a person to be considered liable f or a crime committed. Mens rea is considered to be a state of mind in which a person is fully aware of the consequences of his actions thus the doer is assumed to have an intention of the end result of whatever he or she does. There are two ways in which mens rea is assessed in England and Wales – subjectivism and objectivism. ... On the other hand, objectivism is thought to be too broad because it fails to consider defendants with lower than average IQ, that is, those who lack the capacity to reason as an average person would (Furey 2010, p. 1). An illustration of mens rea application can be seen in the case of R v Molony (1985) AC 905 whereby the defendant shot his step father dead but was acquitted of murder charges and instead charged with manslaughter. The intention to shoot was found not to be connected to killing (e-Law Resources 2013). Question 2: The Criminal Justice System Its function The criminal justice system is meant to ensure that every person under the law has access to justice. Having access to justice means being punished for wrongs accomplished, giving protection to those who are innocent and making it possible for those convicted of wrongs to stop offending. The system aims at â€Å"delivering an efficient, effective, accountable and fair justice process for the public† (Garside 201 3, p. 1). It is further noted that the system must sieve among potential, alleged and actual criminal activities and ensure that treatment adjudicated on persons is rightful. Its Working The criminal justice system is composed of many agencies which work in unity to ensure that justice is availed to all. The agencies involved in this system include â€Å"the Crown Prosecution Service, the police, the courts and the National Offender Management Service† (Criminal Justice System 2013, p. 1). The three government departments which oversee the criminal justice system are â€Å"the Ministry of Justice, the Home office and the Attorney General’s Office† (Criminal Justice System 2013, p. 1). The Ministry of

Free Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Free Trade - Essay Example Suppose that at first no trade was occurring as a result of which the original demand and supply curve, D & S respectively are the country's demand and supply. At the point equilibrium occur at point Y at the interaction of two points. However, if a country indulges in free trade SW curve becomes its supply curve and new equilibrium occurs at Y1. The result why the equilibrium quantity of supply is lower than for the demand curve S is because some countries can produce these products at a lower price than others because of comparative and absolute advantages discussed below and as a result our country will stop the production of this good citing that other countries can produce it cheaply. This is a point of controversy among supporters of free trade and people who are against free trade. The people who oppose free trade argues that domestic production will reduce from Y to Y1 as result of free trade and hence this implies closing down of factories, downsizing and unemployment of loc al factors of production. They say that free trade is an evil that should be stopped from penetrating a local market for the reasons discussed above. However, the supporters say that this leads to more efficient use of global resources as efficiency as more products are being produced where they can be produced cheaply. Although it might be beneficial on the global basis, it should be discourage in the developing economies which are seeking to maximize employment rate and implementing policies for the growth of local industries. Faced with this problem many countries often charge a tariff on imports which increase it's price and hence reduces the impact of imports on local industry and market. This increase reduces the local supply from Y to Y2 which is creates a lesser impact on domestic supply but still it is large enough to affect domestic industry and hence receives criticism from people who suffer from unemployment etc. However, once a a high tariff is charged raising the price of imported goods above what is being incurred in local market, it does not affect the local industry, in theory. This is the right amount of tariff and completely against the free trade, but people who oppose free-trade are appeased by this as local industry is not harmed. Similarly, supporter of free-trade argues that this is against the economic teachings of productive and allocative efficiency as the benefits of low-cost are not being enjoyed by the people resulting in less demand and people who want to consume the products at lower prices are not being catered i-e allocative inefficiency. Before coming at the conclusion whether free-trade should be allowed or not, let's look at absolute and comparative advantages. Absolute advantage occurs when one country can produce one commodity better than other i-e the production cost in one country is lower than other or requires far less resources and hence efficient. Following assumptions are necessary for the use of absolute advantage theory: There are only two

Azhar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Azhar - Research Paper Example n.The poem that I am considering is daddy by Sylvia Plath, this poem highlights the male dominating society through the character of a father, who is excessively dominating and neglects his daughter by being emotionally absent when she needs her ( Plath). This poem depicts the narcissistic attitude of a man towards women. Hence, through this poem one can realize how a man easily dominates over women in the society without feeling guilty. The short story that I am considering is â€Å"Hills like white elephant† by Ernest Hemingway, the writer explains how a woman is under immense pressure during pregnancy that she is fearful as to how she would raise this child. Her partner who is mentioned as American is shown to be very indifferent towards her, that he convinces her to have an abortion. The â€Å"white elephant† (Hemingway) is referred to the unborn child, who only the women can see. This story is also about the relationship of a man and women that is ending. The modern song that I am considering is â€Å"Modern Women† by Billy Joel, although the lyricist is a male but he beautifully portrays by using words like â€Å"Intellectual† and â€Å"confident.† The writer does not look down the women; instead, he sends a powerful message to the readers that a women today is no longer vulnerable so, men should not take her for granted because she is a â€Å"modern women† (Joel). The first academic article that I am considering is â€Å"men women and murder: gender-specific differences in rates of fatal violence and victimization.† shows the difference in the incidents of homicides involving men and women. Although, the male victims were 77% and females victims were found to be just 23 %,( Kellermann & Mercy), but the research shows that the incidents of murders of women by their husbands were much higher. Hence, after reading the article one comes to the conclusion that women in our society are still treated badly and a clear discrimination exists. Connecting Gender

Oppotunity cost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oppotunity cost - Essay Example The customers may thin k that they are getting a free meal at the cost of a drink and hence more people would be attracted towards the shop. This paper briefly explains the phrase 'TINSTAAFL' in terms of opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the cost of passing up the next best choice when making a decision. For example, if an asset such as capital is used for one purpose, the opportunity cost is the value of the next best purpose the asset could have been used for. Opportunity cost analysis is an important part of a company's decision-making processes, but is not treated as an actual cost in any financial statement" (Opportunity cost, n. d). Every problem has more than one solution as economics says. While solving problems we normally opt for the best possible solution. But it is not necessary that our decisions would be always the best because of our inability to analyze or evaluate problems properly. If another better option was available, the opportunity cost is the benefits we could have received by taking that option. In the current world, there are lots of investment opportunities. Some of them may be risky while the others might be risk free. For example, consider a person invest his entire extra money in a savings bank account which provides him an annual interest of below 3%. On the other hand, if that person invests his money in fixed deposits, he can earn more than 8% interest. Here the person losing 5% (8 - 3 = 5) and his opportunity costs are 5% In the initial example of the salon owners who offer free lunch, they are not losing any money since they are accommodating the charges of the meals in the charge of the drink. But at the same time they were able to attract more customers because of this business strategy. In other worlds, the salon owners were able to make more profit by selecting an alternate option for selling their drinks. It should be remembered that if the salon owners do not offer any free lunch and function like other shop owners, their sales might be the same as that of the others. But by selecting an alternate option without sacrificing anything, they were able to increase their profit. "Any decision that involves a choice between two or more options has an opportunity cost" (Joanne, 2008)' Characteristics of Opportunity cost Thus the opportunity cost is not restricted to financial costs alone. The real cost of output forgone, lost time, or any other benefit that provides utility should also be considered as opportunity costs. Consider a person with $ 100 in his hand. He can purchase some shirts or some books or even he can invest it in shares or fixed deposits. If he purchases shirts or books for the money he has, the value of the goods may decrease as time passes and he loses his money as opportunity cost. At the same time if he invests the money in term deposits, he may get more money as time passes. In other words the same money yields negative opportunity cost in the first instance whereas it yields positive opportunity cost in the second instance. Opportunity cost is a key concept in economics because of its worth and value in taking decisions. It is capable of describing the economic terms like scarcity and choice and moreover it can establish the relationship between the

Criminology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminology - Research Paper Example Later Robert King Merton seized on this idea of anomie and further refined it into what we now know as Strain Theory. (Featherstone, 2003) This and other theories of criminology such a labeling, which is stereotyping someone with criminal behavior, all depend on environmental factors alone. However there is another side that is overlooked by environmental theories and that is the nature of the person involved in criminal behavior. This is the consummate debate between Nature versus Nurture. Do Criminals have an innate imprint from birth that lead them astray or are they created as a result of their environment? This paper will explore both sides of this issue, singling out strain theory as the environmental factor, and researching the genetic side, the innate behavior in human beings and its influence on behavior. Environmental Influence: Strain Theory This strain begins in early adulthood and adolescence, as children are exposed to the environment of everyday living. Those in poorer circumstance with less opportunity to achieve the goals they see presented in the media are often frustrated and anxiety ridden. "The social strain theory of delinquency is based on the idea that delinquency results when individuals are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate channels." (Sullivan & Wilson, 1995 p. 1) The most obvious example of this is the "Gangsta" culture that is often promoted on many levels as the way that those without the legitimate means may attain those goals. But this is nothing new, the deification of criminals certainly has been a recurring theme throughout history and the romanticizing of their crimes leads to an unrealistic portrayal of possibilities for the maturing adolescent. One of the earliest strains in the life of a juvenile is the search for legitimate employment. Again, dependent on circumstantial variables of education and cultural jobs may be difficult to find and lead to feeling of persecution and prejudice: Sociological accounts o ften note that delinquency is an invention of western industrialized society and the separation of childhood from the adult world of work. As job security becomes more precarious in western economies, and as adult unemployment linked to school failure becomes more common, the lasting significance of the counterschool subculture of delinquency in the life course may become more salient for some adults. (Hagan, 1997, p. 121) This "counterschool subculture" is perhaps one of the most deleterious results of the social strain concept. Difficulties in school are often one of the benchmarks of the evolving delinquent. First seen as the failure of the child or parent and then of the school system, these children often have no recourse but to find alternate means of attaining status and capital. "Several theories emphasize how stress or strain can motivate criminal behavior so strongly that possible constraints are ignored. Therefore age and crime may be related because many potential stress es or strains are age-linked." (Tittle & Grasmick, 1997, p. 321) On the microcosmic level of the young adult this can have many differing ramifications. An unsettling home environment often precipitates failure in school and exposure to abuse or neglect is often present in these conditions. These strains

American colonization society(ACS) and abolitionism Essay

American colonization society(ACS) and abolitionism - Essay Example Also Finleyin had the aim of ending the social evil called slavery. Moreover, Finleyin believed that the existence of Black in America could very well threaten the well being and prosperity of whites. On the other hand, the revolutionary movement to end slavery is knows as abolitionism. Abolitionism which is also called abolition movement emerged during the end of 19th century and beginning of 20th century. The act of abolitionism happened in Western Europe and America wherein a revolutionary emotional movement up surged to end chattel slavery and transatlantic slave trade. During the 16th and 19th century, the slave trade flourished and enormous number of slaves was transported to America for slavery. Despite its inhumanity and brutality, the slavery raised minimum protest, until the 18th century. It is later when enlightened and rational thinkers in 18th century rose against the violation of human right and freedom, that the negative aspect of slavery got some attention from people. The major motive of ACS was anti – slavery and human right freedom. It had the main motive of encouraging Blacks who were free to migrate to Africa. There was also a motive to build a single independent state for the freed African slaves. The life of Africans in America, as slave was pathetic and as a result, the organization American Colonization Society wanted to give them a free and comfortable life. There was also an intention in the mind of the founder of the organization to establish freedom and quality of life to white people in America. Here, Finleyin understood the threat which can arouse from the side of African slaves if they get little power in future.So the founder of ACS has dual motive of freedom for Black and liberation for whites. The movement of ACS consists of two groups of people and these two groups stood at the extreme ends by nature. According to (Word Press) â€Å"One group consisted of

Soft Drink Industry Essay Example for Free

Soft Drink Industry Essay A soft drink is a non-alcoholic beverage typically containing water often carbonated water and a flavoring agent. Many of these beverages are sweetened by the addition of sugar or high fructose They may also contain ingredients such as caffeine and fruit juice. They are called soft in contrast to hard drinksthat is, alcoholic beverages. Small amounts of alcohol may be present in a soft drink, but the alcohol content generally must be less than 0. 5% of the total volume if the drink is to be considered non-alcoholic. Soft drinks are usually served chilled or at room temperature, are rarely heated, and generally do not include milk or other dairy beverages. Beverages that are typically not considered soft drinks include hot chocolate, hot tea, coffee, pure juice and milkshake. History of soft drinks. Soft drinks trace their history back to the mineral waters found in natural springs. Ancient societies believed that bathing in natural springs and/or drinking mineral waters could cure many diseases. Among the earliest soft drinks were sherbets developed by Arabic chemists and originally served in the medieval Near East. Dandelion burdock, a naturally carbonated drink made from fermented dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and burdock (Arctium lappa) roots, was first made in England in around 1265. The first marketed soft drinks (non-carbonated) in the Western world appeared in the 17th century. They were made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey. In 1676, the Compagnie des Limonadiers of Paris was granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks. Vendors carried tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to thirsty Parisians. In late 18th century, scientists made important progress in replicating naturally carbonated mineral waters. In 1767, Englishman Joseph Priestley first discovered a method of infusing water with carbon dioxide to make carbonated water when he suspended a bowl of distilled water above a beer vat at a local brewery in Leeds, England. His invention of carbonated water, (also known as soda water), is the major and defining component of most soft drinks. Priestley found water thus treated had a pleasant taste, and he offered it to friends as a refreshing drink.? 1881 The first cola-flavored beverage introduced. ? 1886 Dr. John S. Pemberton invented coca cola in Atlanta, Georgia. ? 1892 William Painter invented the crown bottle cap. ? 1898 Pepsi-Cola is invented by Caleb Bradham. ? Early 1920s The first automatic vending machines dispensed sodas into cups. ? 1957 The first aluminum cans used. ? 1959 The first diet cola sold. ? 1965 Soft drinks in cans dispensed from vending machines. ? 1970 Plastic bottles are used for soft drinks Coca cola and pepsi Coca-Cola was the 1st international soft drinks brand to enter India in early 1970’s. Re-entry of Coca-Cola in 1993 On the 26th of October 1993, Coca-Cola re-entered the Indian market having acquired some of the leading Indian soft drink brands from Parle, namely Thums-Up, Maaza, Limca, Goldspot Citra. These brands joined Coke’s portfolio of international brands i. e. Coca-Cola, Sprite, Fanta, Schweppes as Coca-Cola India took control of the top soft drink brands in India from the very beginning. From 1993 to 2003, company invested US $ 1 billion in India. Thebeginningofcolawar For the Cricket World Cup 1996, Pepsi was not the official sponsor of the tournament, Coke was. But Pepsi had a whole pool of best players roped in as brand ambassadors from the sub continent and abroad. The ad campaign of â€Å"Nothing Official About it† rocked the country and despite Coke being the official sponsor, it was Pepsi which hogged the publicity. In 1998, with the release of blockbuster movie â€Å"Kuch Kuch Hota Hai†, Pepsi took out another ace from its sleeve, featuring Shahrukh, Rani and Kajol in its ad. The punch line was â€Å"Yeh Dil Maange More† which was an iconic line and struck a chord amongst the people. Coca-Cola countered by spoofing the ad, using Sprite, to hilarious effect. Pepsi responded with a spoof of its own, starring Azhar and Jadeja hitting on the Coke line of â€Å"Eat Cricket, Sleep Cricket, Drink Only Coca Cola† with the punch line of â€Å"More More Cricket, More More Pepsi†. Coke again hit back, this time with Thumbs Up ad. They portrayed the cricketers as monkeys and ended the ad with â€Å"Don’t be a bunder (monkey) Taste the Thunder! † Situation turned ugly with Pepsi going to court and finally ended with Coke withdrawing the ad. The Cola wars went on full-fledged till 2003, when a pesticide controversy forced Coke and Pepsi to fight on the same side in so called â€Å"Indias New Cola Wars†. TheControversies Presence of Pesticides: In 2003, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) findings stirred the beverage industry in India. CSE claimed to find dangerous levels of pesticides in all the 57 samples of 11 soft drinks brands collected by the organization from 25 different manufacturing units of Coca-Cola and PepsiCo spread over 12 states. The study found a cocktail of three-five different pesticides in all the samples on an average 24 times higher than norms laid down by government-run Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Kerala banned the sale of Colas in schools, colleges and government departments, and other states also took adversarial measures. The day after the CSE’s announcement, Coke and Pepsi came together in a rare show of solidarity at a joint press conference. The companies attacked the credibility of the CSE and their lab results, citing regular testing at independent laboratories proving the safety of their products. They promised to provide this data to the public, threatened legal action against the CSE while seeking a gag order, and contacted the United States Embassy in India for assistance. They roped in major film stars to explain their purity to public. Despite all these measures, sales dipped by as much as 80% in some regions. The soft drinks industry took over a year to get back on the growth track. Ground Water Crisis: Coca-Cola was recently accused of ground water depletion in many areas of the country. Coca-Cola’s bottling operations – which extract hundreds of millions of liters of water from the groundwater resource – have significantly worsened the water crisis as groundwater levels have dropped sharply since Coca-Cola started its operations. The company was also accused of indiscriminately dumping its toxic waste into the surrounding areas – polluting the water as well as the land. The Coke reiterated its commitment to trim down water usage and take steps towards environment sustainability and farmer’s welfare. However, activists retort that Coca Cola is in the business of water usage and wasting, creating a luxury product largely for the middle class. Amidst various allegations and controversies, the soft drinks industry in India, supported by its booming economy, strengthening middle class and low per capita consumption, is growing at a cruising pace. The focus has shifted from carbonated drinks to Fruit drinks, with both the companies launching Lemon drinks in 2009-10. In the next few years, the fruit juice category is likely to carry the growth flag forward as consumers become more health conscious.

The Smartphone Security Awareness Information Technology Essay

The Smartphone Security Awareness Information Technology Essay Over the past decade mobile phones have become pervasive and have evolved significantly from feature phones to smartphones to fit the increasing needs of the competitive market and to meet consumers wants and needs. The purpose of this research paper is to provide insight and raise security awareness into the risks posed by unsecured smart mobile devices. Smartphones are ubiquitous devices and are comparative to the personal computer in terms of computational power, choice of operating systems, software with the same extended features and the ability to support 3rd party software. Smartphones have enabled businesses and their workforce the freedom to collaborate and access organizational data 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. What has been done to protect individuals and businesses from the ever increasing threat of mobile orientated attacks? Pervasive computing (also called ubiquitous computing) Endpoint security antivirus/malware enterprise information infrastructure mobile information security perspective security awareness training technical topics are outside the scope of this research Introduction The purpose of this document is to expose a business problem from a technological viewpoint. The subject of the business problem I have selected is on smartphone security awareness. This subject will be analysed and critically evaluated, then expanded upon further to reflect the range of possible solutions and create a comprehensive guide for the benefit of the reader. 1.1 Motivation The motivation for this project was mostly due to my vocational role as an IT consultant. During the course of my employment over the past decade within the IT industry, I have noticed a substantial gap within businesses for the need of greater smartphone security and awareness. It was obvious to me that along with the evolution and improved capabilities of cellular devices, established a greater risk for organisations. This thesis is the result of work I have personally carried out in various roles throughout my technological career between October 2004 and December 2010. 1.2 Aims and objectives The following are my aims and objectives for this project Aims Create an authoritative document with recommendations to raise awareness and inform businesses for the need of greater mobile security within the business environment. Use insight to establish a research gap. Main objectives Assess smart mobile devices currently used. Analyse security advantages and disadvantages of smart mobile devices. Establish what risks smart mobile devices are exposed to. Evaluate impact of risk exposed by unsecure mobile devices to businesses. Examine mobile security currently available. Investigate responsibility Evaluate current business policies and procedures for mobile devices and how these are enforced. Construct smartphone security guide with recommendations for businesses. 1.3 Problem Statement The problem is information and financial loss due to information theft or inaccessibility from malicious software (malware), and the detrimental impact this has upon the business. There are many types of information that can be stored on smartphones for example, personally identifiable information in the form of contact details (phone, address), email, GPS coordinatesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Information security has gained significant value within the business domain over the past decade however this value remains subjective. Users have been made aware of the risks posed by malicious software whilst using their personal computer on the internet, now assistive technology like smart mobile devices are becoming increasingly more powerful, functional and ubiquitous. Where personal computers have at least some security software in place as standard, smartphones commonly have no security software installed and are susceptible to the same threats as personal computers. Businesses, professionals and personal users now have a greater awareness for the need of personal computer security. This has been provided by media coverage, enterprise training or through personal experience. When using a personal computer or laptop for example, it is common to find a firewall and antivirus software installed showing that internet safety has now become a social normalcy. Example http://www.bloobble.com/broadband-presentations/presentations?itemid=3397 Data loss or inaccessibility due to a virus, data theft due to Smartphones are high specification mobile personal computers, and are subject to the same risks personal computers are open to. There are four to five billion mobile phones and we are approaching a billion smart phones. But remember that these devices are more powerful than supercomputers were a few years ago, and we are putting them in the hands of people whove never had anything like it before. Google CEO Eric Schmidt Businesses need IT to function, IT adds value and to compete in todays economic climate. ITs purpose is to save time, time is money. Todays organisations rely heavily upon information technology in order to allow their business to function (Khosrowpour, 2001). This is fundamentally due to how intricate information technology systems are embedded into organisations. Enterprise architecture (EA) is a communication tool between IT and business (Zachman, 2004). EA is multifaceted (Wagter et al, 2005) and for the scope of the project I will be examining how the Security Architecture (SA) facet can benefit organisations to secure the Information Technology within the business against the increasing threat that unsecured mobile devices pose. There are many different mobile operating systems for smart mobile devices requiring different security applications. I will analyse these systems and the risks associated. My intentions are to investigate what impacts smart mobile devices can have on businesses, why these problems affect the organisation, and how they are overcome. Finally I will gather insight and make recommendations that businesses can use to foresee and prevent future unnecessary costs and risk. 2 Literature review 2.1 Background The subject I have proposed to use for this project is a very real-world business and information technology problem. Because smartphone security is still in its infancy, it is currently quite a challenge to source accurate and relevant information from authoritative sources such as Emerald without resorting to web based research. However, the more this project advances smartphone security in the media is becoming omnipresent. The first documented computer virus was designed over 25years ago by two brothers named name 1 and name 2 in Pakistan, the virus was called the brain virusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Timeline evolution of the mobile telephone (Malware) Analogue Cellular Mobile History / Uses 2.2 Current status/Development of theories Information is all that needs to be secured. Malware is changing, smartphones are changing and businesses are changing. How far up the technological ladder are mobiles/feature phones/smartphones 2.3 How this project fits in with the literature review I had chosen the subject then chosen the literature review method, thus tailoring the literature review to fit the requirements of the project. 3 Research methods 3.1 Introduction: hypothesis Throughout my employment, I recognised a gap and need for smartphone security within 3.2 Epistemology http://www.learnhigher.ac.uk/analysethis/main/quantitative1.html One of the methods of analysis I will to use is the conceptual method, this has been described by Beaney as a way of breaking down or analysing concepts into their constituent parts in order to gain knowledge. Conceptual analysis consists primarily in breaking down or analysing concepts into their constituent parts in order to gain knowledge or a better understanding of a particular philosophical issue in which the concept is involved (Beaney 2003). I have interpreted this to mean the compartmentalisation and analysis of data. The proposed project will be delivered using an analytical in-depth research structure. I have chosen this project structure as it will primarily be research based on the current business problem as previously stated. I intend to analyse this problem, propose possible solutions, test and implement a well-documented solution with recommendations. Critical and creative thinking skills such as Edward.De Bono six thinking hats will be used to examine the problem domain. A review will be given on how the systems work and compare them to how they should work. I will then analyse the solution domain by examining which options are available to improve the system security along with an optimal recommendation and the benefits it would provide. 3.3 Methodology Figure research methodFor my project I will implement a triangulated, positivistic methodological approach, I have chosen this particular technique as it will provide me a balanced view of the subject area. I will incorporate both quantitative and qualitative primary research methods as recommended by Bryman (BRYMAN, 2006). However for the scope of this project I will be mostly using Quantitative based research as indicted in Fig 1 below. . Bryman advises that quantitative data can be gathered by way of a survey and qualitative research collected from journals and interviews. Initially I will undertake primary research in the form of a survey questionnaire, and furthermore I will interview professionals in the field of smartphones and security such as police personnel, security advisors and mobile phone shop staff. The survey will be available to respondents in paper form and electronically hosted so any user with internet access may access it. I will design the survey to be concise and simple to maximise the amount of respondents and gain quality information. My target survey participants are business managers, IT professionals and general smartphone users. I have chosen to target these particular users as I am trying to ascertain not only the perception of smartphone security but also what policies and procedures are put in place and how aware users are of these. I have proposed to target these users by using a popular internet based technological social news website named Reddit. Reddit has a daily turnover of over 850.000 unique users (Alexa, 2010). According to Alexa the average Redditor is male, between the age of 18 to 44, does not have children, is well educated and browses Reddit either from work or home, suggesting that the majority of Redditors are working professionals and due to being a technological social news website the average user is technologically aware (Alexa, 2010). This confirms my premise and establishes that Reddit would suit my proposed target survey participant. There are many options available for online survey software, each option has its benefits and weaknesses, I have carefully analysed these options personally and have chosen to utilise the cloud based option Survey Monkey to host my survey. The default limitations of Survey Monkey are the survey itself has been designed to be logical with closed questioning and Qualitative data has been sourced from reliable and authoritative resources. I have chosen journals from Emerald Primary research methods used Interviewing mobile phone shop staff, police, business owners I will critically analyse the results of my survey by comparing the answers given to a risk register. 4 Results 4.1 Presentation and description of results Who took part? A survey was conducted to establish the awareness for the need of smartphone security. Users were openly invited from technological backgrounds to partake in the survey and assured of anonymity. A total of 758 people responded to the online survey from a possible 854,998 potential participants. The survey itself was open for one month during February and March 2011. The results indicated that majority share with 82% of survey responders being male as opposed to the 18% that were female both averaging at 26 years of age, this confirms part of my original hypothesis as an average smartphone user. When asked, 53% of respondents reported that they had used their smartphone solely for personal use as opposed to the 45% of partakers that reported they used their smartphone for both business and personal use, with just 2% reporting to use a smartphone solely for business use only as shown in Fig 2 combining a total of 47%.C:UsersLeeDesktopUniUniversity 2010_11MikeDissertationDocumentsDissertationSurveySurvey monkey charts8 FeaturesSM_Features_Line.png Figure Smartphone use 25% of respondents had only been using smartphones for the past six months, 17% were aware they had been using them for at least a year and a majority percentage of 59% had been using smartphones for more than one year. Only 12% of respondents opted to use the pay as you go payment facilities as opposed to the greater majority of 88% that have contracts. SMARTPHONE 34% of respondents used an Apple IPhone, 58% reported to use Android smartphones, 13% used Blackberries and 6% (46) of respondents had Nokia smartphones. (GRAPHIC) 87% of respondents had used calendar functions, 94% of respondents used email, 86% of used games, 87% of respondents used GPS features, 74% of respondents used instant messaging, 52 % of respondents used internet banking facilities, 66% of respondents used multimedia messaging service (MMS), 94% of respondents used the short messaging service (SMS) feature and 78% of respondents admitted to using social networking sites on their smartphone. A total of 756 participants responded and 2 participators chose not to answer the question. From a total of 758 respondents, 63% (476) valued the physical smartphone above the 37% (282) whom valued the information more. Applications 93% of survey partakers used 3G for mobile data communication, 59% of respondents used Bluetooth technology, only 4% of had used infrared line of sight technology, 75% of respondents admitted to connecting via universal serial bus (USB), 94% of participators had used wireless for mobile data communication. Total of 757 participators answered this question and 1 partaker chose to skip the question. Security Survey respondents considered smartphone security as beneficial but not essential as the majority answer with 64% (485), 21% (159) didnt not consider there to be a need currently for smartphone security software as opposed to 15% (114) whom considered smartphone security software as absolutely essential. A total of 758 of 758 responded to this question. 87% Of participants stated that they do not use any smartphone security software. 87% of participants reported that they did not use any form of smartphone security software such as antivirus as opposed to 13% that did. A majority of 92% (699) had not been advised of any security methods to protect them or their information from fraud, theft or malicious software. 8% (59) respondents agreed they had received adequate security advice. Everyone answered this. Malware 95% (694) of respondents were aware of Adware, 27% had known about Badware, 25% (181) of respondents were aware of Crimeware, 69% (504) had previous knowledge of Rootkits, Trojans'(95%, 696), Spyware (95%, 697), and Worm (90%, 656)were the most commonly aware terms of malware from the malicious software list, the majority being Virus (711) with 97% of respondents being aware of this type of malware. 731 respondents answered this question. 62% of survey participants reported that they did not pay attention to licence agreements and permissions when installing applications on their smartphones 34% reported they did read the licence agreements and permissions. 4% of respondents believed that this question was not applicable to them for their smartphone use. Personal Computer 81% of responders were aware for the need of security software for personal computers and 19% were not aware. All survey partakers responded to this question. 94% (713) participants have connected their smartphone to a personal computer (PC), 6% (46) stated they had not ever connected to a PC. All 758 respondents answered this question. 96% (728) respondents stated that they owned the smartphone, only 4% (30) of respondents had employer owned smartphones. All partakers responded to this question. Responsibility Out of the 758 respondents, 15% (115) were aware of policies within their place of business, with the majority of respondents 41% (309) unaware of any workplace policies or procedures particularly orientated toward smartphones. 44% (334) responded that the question was not applicable to them. All participants answered this question. 4.2 Discussion and interpretation of the results Awareness and concern Compare phones and age to security awareness Bb were the most security aware group Internet banking is true by smartphone antivirus is false and user is aware of computer antivirus need. Harris Interactive: Tablet users more likely to transfer sensitive data than smartphone users Serendipity, sagacity 5 Smartphones A mobile phone is a portable electronic device used to make and receive telephone calls. The mobile phone was first revealed by Dr Martin Cooper from the company Motorola in 1973, it was not until ten years after Dr Coopers demonstration that Motorola released its flagship mobile phone the DynaTAC, this was the worlds first commercially viable mobile phone (Motorola, 2009). Originally these devices were commercially targeted at businesses and upper class individuals as the cost of the device was very high and the actual usage was severely restricted, due to the technology limitations at this time battery weight was 2kg (Motorola, 2009) and the battery duration would last a maximum of 30 minutes thus making the device impractical and available only to businesses and professional consumers. According to Moores Law, the number of transistors on a chip roughly doubles every two years. (Intel, 2005) As Moore stated over thirty five years ago, due to the advancement of processors, battery technologies and overall reduced power consumption, mobile phones have become lighter, smaller, more powerful and longer lasting. Due to these fundamental technological advancements mobile phones have been able to incorporate additional existing technologies such as camera units, sensors, speakers and often take advantage of JAVA based applications and features, thus coining the term Feature phone. Feature phones are more advanced technologically than mobile phones. Smartphone The term smartphone is ambiguous and many experts fail to agree on a suitable definition. Most smartphone features are not exclusive to a particular category, this project does not intend to make that definition, however for the scope of this project I have listed combined definitions and compared current smartphone features as listed in Figure 3 below. Most vendorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ type more Gartner, a world leading authority in information technology research define smartphones as A large-screen, voice-centric handheld device designed to offer complete phone functions while simultaneously functioning as a personal digital assistant.'(Gartner, 2010) Feature phones can have several of the characteristics as listed below in figure 3, however smartphones have the capability of providing all the capabilities. As a result, any mobile device meeting all conditions of each function in figure 3 can be considered a smartphone under this definition. Figure Smartphone characteristics Function Characteristic Phone size Device is compact and easily transported. Operating System Operating system that allows third party applications. Connectivity Device provides multiple methods (wired and wireless) of connecting to both the internet and other devices and networks. Input The device contains keyboard, or touchscreen keyboard. Storage capacity The device has a large and expandable storage facility. Office functionality The device provides the ability to perform basic office tasks such as email, take notes and word processing. Calendar The device includes a digital organiser and calendar. Synchronisation The device supports synchronisation of information with fixed desktop or laptop devices, or online web services. Phone Features The mobile device executes voice, text and multimedia message functions. Sensors Acceloratormeter, light, sound and movement sensors. A model to measure the maturity of smartphone security at softwareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Under this definition of smartphones or Smart Mobile Device (SMD) the following mobile platforms were included: Apple iOS Blackberry Google Android Symbian Windows Mobile These mobile platforms were reported to be the top 5 mobile platforms used in 2010 Figure (?) Storage expansion cards Smartphones currently reside in the top tier of mobile communication technology. Third party operating system As previously stated there are many smartphone platforms available, each platform and brand bringing different benefits and functionality. These platforms or operating systems create opportunities for both businesses and personal users. For businesses this increased functionality provides the facility for added employee productivity. These opportunities exist not just for business and personal users as the opportunity extends to the bad guys too, I will continue to explain further in the document. Smartphone Definition A smartphone is defined as A cellular telephone with built-in applications and Internet access (PCMAG, 2010) describes a smartphone as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ andà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ describes it asà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I have interpreted these descriptions and define smartphones as not feature phones basically. All smartphones have generalised functionality, such as input devices (keys, touchscreen) I will go into greater detail regarding the operating features Botha, et al (2009) point out that early generations of cell phones and PDAs had relatively little storage capability. Johnson (2009) indicates that todays generation of devices can be quickly and easily upgraded by adding additional storage cards. http://mobileopportunity.blogspot.com/2007/01/shape-of-smartphone-and-mobile-data.html 5.1 Apple The Apple Iphone was the original smartphone (), first released in June 2007. Popular, perceived security (apple store, scans for malware?) Simplistic design Limitations: NO support for flash 5.2 Android Open source, will be biggest 5.3 Blackberry (RIM) Security architecture built upon military specification, perceived most secure as email encryption (tunnelled) through Canada Banned in UAE 5.4 Symbian Owned by Finnish giant Nokia open sourcing the software opens up the availability of the Source Code to programmers, who can then develop, modify and distribute as they see fit meaning a richer and hopefully what becomes a considerably improved OS very quickly thanks to developer input. http://blog.mobiles.co.uk/mobile-news/symbian-os-goes-open-source/ http://blog.mobiles.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/symbian.jpg Most popular globally, acquired by Microsoft? 5.5 Windows mobile Newest player, least perceived secure device 6 Smartphone role within business environment 6.1 Email 7 Malware defined Continuously evolving, changing creative Virology Malware encompasses Define Malware (Family) Malware, short for  malicious software http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware Grimes (2001) defines malware as any software program designed to move from computer to computer and network to network to intentionally modify computer systems without the consent of the owner or operator. Etsebeth, V. (2007) Sensory malware soundminer, a stealthly Trojan with innocuous permissions that can sense the context of its audible surroundings to target and extract a very small amount of HIGH-VALUE DATA. Give example 7.1 Badware Give example 7.2 Crimeware Collecting company secrets for profit Crimeware is malicious software that is covertly installed on computers. Most crimeware progams are in fact Trojans. There are many types of Trojans designed to do different things. For example, some are used to log every key you type (keyloggers), some capture screenshots when you are using banking websites, some download other malicious code, and others let a remote hacker access your system. What they each have in common is the ability to steal your confidential information such as passwords and PINs and send it back to the criminal. Armed with this information, the cybercriminal is then able to steal your money. http://www.kaspersky.com/crimeware Give example 7.3 Greyware Adware spyware Give example 7.4 Riskware Give example 7.5 Rootkits iPad and smartphone rootkits demod by boffins http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/23/smartphone_rootkits_demoed/ Give example 7.4 Scareware Give example 7.5 Trojan Give example 7.6 Virus Give example 8 Define Risk to business or individual Mobile banking 8.1 Define Legal implications http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/its3/seminar-notes/2005-05-18-DataSecurityLaw.pdf Computer related crime Dishonestly obtaining electronic communication service Section 125 of the Communications Act 2003 creates an offence in relation to dishonestly obtaining use of an electronic communication service with intent to avoid payment of the charge applicable to that service. This offence reflects the continual advancement of technology, thus covering all the diverse types of services available Theft of information Oxford v Moss (1979) Unauthorised use of a computer: theft of services Theft Act 1968, s. 13 dishonestly uses without due authority, or dishonestly causes to be wasted or diverted, any electricityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Criminal damage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intangible (Computer Misuse Act 1990, s.3) unauthorised modification: to impair the operation, prevent or hinder access or reliability denial of service: The Caffrey problem à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Case law insiders à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Whitaker (1993) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lindesay (2000) virus writers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ e.g. Pile (1995), Vallor (2003) 8.2 Responsibility Examine who is responsible Define Solutions Effects and results of infected device on company with each malware type 9 Security Security doesnt exist in products and verbiage alone; it requires a process, people, policies, education, and technologies working together. http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=6502997 9.1 ISO27002 9.2 COBIT 5 Schedule to release in 2011, COBIT 5 will consolidate and integrate the  COBIT 4.1, Val IT 2.0 and Risk IT frameworks and also draw significantly from the Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) and ITAF. http://www.isaca.org/Knowledge-Center/COBIT/Pages/Overview.aspx Security updates? 9.3 Smartphone security solutions http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/020911-ibm-juniper-mobile-security.html 10 Conclusions Moores Law http://venturebeat.com/2010/08/13/moore%E2%80%99s-law-hits-a-wall-trouble-for-mobile-growth/#disqus_thread 10.1 Summary 10.2 Future work Mobile wallets customers will be able to transfer funds from their bank account/paypal using their phones via text message (http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/Malware_Goes_Mobile.pdf) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NirvanaPhone future smartphone symbiant acquisitioned by Microsoft (biggest os for pcs) newest player to smartphone market. As Sensor-rich smartphones become more ubiquitous, sensory malware has the potential to breach the privacy of individuals at mass scales. https://www.cs.indiana.edu/~kapadia/papers/soundminer-ndss11.pdf 11 Glossary PC Personal computer PDA Personal digital assistant Prosumer Professional + consumer = advanced consumer (Cisco, 2008) http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/wp/Prosumer_VS2_POV_0404_FINAL.pdf

Treatment for Patients with Trauma After Head-on Collisions

Treatment for Patients with Trauma After Head-on Collisions The Optimal Treatment for Patients with Trauma Following Head-on Collisions Trauma patients always call for specialized treatment and also care in a bid to save their lives. The existing literature always underpins the conviction that trauma-related mortality could be worked down through promptly absolute consideration conveyed by means of a multidisciplinary approach. Each health care institution with an enthusiasm for looking after the injured ought to assess its internal human and office- based assets in order to create a protocol for suitable multidisciplinary group activation. Building the Trauma Team Activation Policy for many health centers is an internal hospital/Trauma Systems Committee examination. The essential objective of trauma group initiation criteria is to guarantee that the necessary resources in line with addressing the clinical needs of injured patients are always accessible. This is clearly outlined in the Trauma Team Activation policy (Stiell Wells, 2011). PICO Framework In line with coming up with the clinical question, the PICO framework is pertinent: P represents the patient’s problem or population. The chief concern of the patient is given credit in this regard. I represents intervention where one has to come clearly up with what he plans to do with the patient. C represents comparison, where an alternative has to be sought in case the first way fails. O represents outcome, which is what is expected in the end. Clinical Question What can be the best clinical interventions and predictions post triage activation for head-on collisions? Methods Identification: The identification was mainly done by database searching, where links that were pertinent to the research were readily available. This entailed gaining insight from the most recent sources and the available pieces. There were two sources that were purely found on the internet and were easy to locate. Screening: The screening entailed considering the issues being outlined in the sources identified. Those sources that touched on both the policy and the response from different quotas were considered. Those that were narrow in their perspective were excluded in a bid to ensure that the information matched the needed criteria. In the long-run, five articles were deemed relevant and eligible for the research. Eligibility: There article that was considered for eligibility. However, after assessing the keenness and the way the article related to the clinical question, some information was deemed ineligible. The considerations given an upper hand were how the head-on-collision were to be treated and how the team was to respond. Aim: To understand the main issues necessary to be handled in line with the head-on collisions. The fundamental trauma causes of TBI incorporate violent hostility, transportation accidents, and falls. TBI victims are for the most part young men aged seven to10. TBI-related results advance past recorded fatalities. They can also be seen towards victims who survive trauma. These people may exhibit physical, cognitive, correspondence, and behavioral incapacities. They can also exhibit inadequacies at a few levels in line with enduring issues on social and occupational levels. The outcomes of trauma consequences also touch the exploited peoples families. These are families who might be viewed as concealed exploited people. An emergency in the family system frequently emerges. It is also the rise of sicknesses that bargain the familys capacity to function and recover (Cotton, Dossett Haut, 2010). The support of the speech therapist in the multidisciplinary team provides care to TBI victims. This care is significant people because this proficient will can survey the particular needs of the exploited people at an early stage. This can be conducted in line with communicative skills and other related issues. This is carried out to prevent, minimize, or avoid possible trauma squeal. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) has given out one of the effects of Trauma (Cotton, Dossett and Haut 2010). They have said patients with traumatic cerebrum damage may encounter challenges in discovering words to communicate. They may also encounter problems in understanding a thought through discourse, composition, or reading. This dialect or speech and cognitive modifications compromise an individuals correspondence to several degrees. These levels range from minimal to extensive. Critique Speech and language processing activities include notable exercises in the cerebral cortex. Thusly, several sorts of changes in the Central Nervous System (CNS) may bring about different kinds of language or speech issue. Trauma is the leading cause of death in the initial four decades of life in Norway. Esposito and associates have shown that one out of four deaths brought about by trauma could be prevented with better trauma care. They have also found that the preventable death rate declined to 15% after system change. Chiara and associates found that 43% of deaths caused by trauma were probably preventable. They also found that in excess of half of trauma patients received wrong medicine in the hospital. A most recent study revealed that most medication treatments still take place in the crisis room stage. The study has also found that one of the 12 deaths was considered possibly preventable (Cotton, Dossett Haut 2010). Validity and Reliability Qualitative Research is an essential exploratory research. It is utilized to increase an understanding of underlying reasons, assumptions, and inspirations. Quantitative Research is normally used to analyze the problem hin different ways. One of the ways is creating numerical information that could be converted into usable facts. It is used to quantify mentality, suppositions, practices, and other characterized variables. It also sums up results from a bigger group of individuals (Klugh 2009). Quantitative Research uses measurable information to form truths and uncover designs in research. Quantitative data collection systems are significantly more organized than Qualitative data collection systems. Quantitative data collection incorporates different manifestations of studies. Some of these studies include online overviews, paper reviews, versatile studies and booth reviews. Other studies include eye to eye meetings, phone meetings, longitudinal studies, site interceptors, online sur veys, and efficient perceptions. In Norwegian hospital centers, there are different groups dealing with trauma. This variety enhances the success of a group association. There is also a critical range of the hospital centers regarding trauma burden (Mallor 2005). Hospital centers vary in size from small hospitals with few traumatized patients to doctors facilities. Different projects have been made to treat trauma in the country. The BEST Foundation created a Norwegian production model using reproductions for group production of healing facility trauma groups. The focus of this production system is on non-specialized abilities as communication, initiative and collaboration (Robertson 2011). It is worth noting that the etiological, disciplinary and regulatory social processes intersect in line with patients who have had accidents, and always influence the progression of this illness. Despite the fact that the precise explanation for most maladjustments is not known, it is coming to be clear through exploration that a number of these conditions are initiated by trauma and recuperation from a maladjustment is not essentially a matter of will and self-discipline (Cotton, Dossett and Haut 2010). The society needs to support these people, on all fronts, in order to ensure that they fit in all settings. This can be done through contribution of funds to the charity, mainly in monthly subscriptions. This will help build on the awareness of the ailment, and also enlighten the society on the importance of accommodating these patients. People can also offer counseling sessions, both to the victim and his or her family. This will help weed out any fears of the positive relations tha t existed in the society. People always gear towards attaining and advocating for trauma health: the ability to like life and adapt to its tests. Issues that influence this limit are shifted in sort and intensity. In some intense cases the term psychiatric ailment, or trauma, is utilized. Trauma issues can affect both youngsters and mature people. Changes in correspondence abilities, social aptitudes, and swallowing examples (dysphagia) are characteristics of trauma issues that discourse and dialect specialists may be included with (Holbrook 2012). Data collection Sampling technique was embraced (Healey 2011). At present the greater part of open use in trauma goes on individuals experiencing trauma- who are around a quarter of a million individuals. At any one opportunity there are 1 million individuals experiencing the clinical sorrow, and an alternate 4 million experiencing clinical uneasiness states (Holbrook 2012). For these assemblies, the discouraged and the frightful, there is very nearly nothing aside from a couple of minutes. A significant number of these individuals dont need pills yet they do need trauma treatment. As per the Psychiatric Morbidity Survey under a 50% of all the individuals experiencing dejection were gaining any medicine, and under 10% were appropriating any trauma treatment. For individuals with uneasiness each of these figures ought to be split. This is completely unacceptable. Assuming that individuals have any industrious physical ailment like asthma, pulse or skin malady they immediately see an authority. There are two purposes behind this disregard. One is stigma and the different is an uncommon deferred reaction to the way that we now have medications that work, which we didnt have 50 years back. Therapists and doctors say that the brain can be subdivided into many different areas and structures. Cognitive behavior therapy has dealt with a number of disorders one of which is social phobia and others disorders that manipulate peoples thoughts and feelings, this therapy is famous for treating disorders though not most of them and is the most form of modern psychotherapy practiced widely. When they are attacked, they tend to sweat, blush, urgent masturbation, heart pounds, dry lips, nausea, voice trembles, and tension of the muscles. This is also believed to be a common disorder in adults around the world. The people who have the bigger percentage of the disorder are single individuals and their socioeconomic status is low. Therapists have made developments in relation to the treatment of phobia and research more about the disorder, they have been doing this for the past decades; this is because they know that the disorder can neither be medicated nor diagnosed. The existence of the cognitive behavioral therapy to treat social phobia has made efforts to treat the disorder effectively compared to other supportive and wait list therapies. This therapy is intended to provide training to their clients according to how the therapy works, they focus on creating the tie between the negative thinking or assumptions and the anxiety they suffered in their condition. The cognitive behavioral therapy concentrates much on trauma cases and information processing. Patients suffering from disorders are given a chance to know their problem and know the cause of the catastrophe, this done through being diagnosed by the therapist. Although its focus is on peoples thoughts and feelings it cannot treat all trauma problems caused by disorders but it mainly focuses on the symptoms of schizophrenia. A therapist has to help the patient to create the link between the patients thoughts and feelings and later find out the solution to the problem on the ground. In the ABC model that was introduced by Ellis and Harper states that the patient has to make a link between his or her belief and its problems not forgetting the activating events. The therapist has to find a way of making the patient improve on the negative attitude and concentrate o the positive side of life (Kouraklis Spirakos 2012). Authority of Trauma Team Activation Policy Protocols for any given Trauma Team Activation ought to be determined by various variables. The latter have to incorporate characterizing the most severely injured patients and hence determine the prompt resource needs to convey ideal consideration to the patient. The contemplations ought not to remain solitary as actuation criteria, but be assessed in the setting of physiologic, anatomic and mechanism of the given injury criteria. This is done in anticipation of the probability of increased danger of morbidity and mortality that may warrant a more thorough reaction and assessment than that of the given trauma patient. The document elucidates that Trauma Activation Criteria ought to be dependent upon least ACS criteria and other authoritative guidelines. The approach characterizes the person answerable for corresponding with EMS in regards to an inbound trauma patient. It also considers how specialists affirm how they are mindful of initiation ought, and to whom they impart. Extra cr iteria ought to be dependent upon accessible resources as recognized through discussions with trauma colleagues, therapeutic direction and health organizations. The policy characterizes every part and obligations, and incorporates doctors, specialists, nursing, laboratory staff, profound consideration, social administrations, clinic organization and any relevant members of the group. Trauma is caused by traffic collisions. It is one of the most outstanding causes for death in people aged 10 to 24. There is awkwardness in the prevalence of the danger of traffic related trauma in developed and underdeveloped countries. Both of these countries must have the higher risk which may be found in the future. Components include infrastructure quickens mechanization of its population. Conclusion Trauma Team Activation policy is an exceptional domain of being and life as a unique condition. It relates to the same way that science is an uncommon domain of science, dissimilar from physical science. The policies contention is that, if the trauma things rolling out from the brains of living things are a dissimilar domain of presence, then strictly physical hypotheses about the inceptions of life. For example many hypothesis, cannot be deemed as completely right. Life cannot have gone out exclusively from a primordial concoction response, and the methodology of characteristic choice cannot represent the formation of the domain of brain (Stiell Wells 2011). Trauma Team Activation policy turns into a contingent of ideas that are drastically different from the head-on collision. It is worth noting that it manages an unlimited and urgent domain of phenomena that physical science does not, on any front include, accurately because they are major parts of living things. Research always indicates the effectiveness of the treatment approaches which come as a result of using various principles of the contingency management. This includes giving tangible rewards to patients in a bid to reinforce them towards the positive behaviors. The Psychosocial counseling treatment and methadone programs stated that the incentive-based interventions are effectively promoting drug abstinence and even trying to increase treatment attentions. Reference List Cotton, B, Dossett, A. Haut, E. 2010. Multicenter validation of a simplified score to predict massive transfusion in trauma. J Trauma; 69 Suppl 1: S33-S39. Healey, J. F. 2011. Statistics: A Tool for Social Research (revised ed.). London: Cengage Learning. Holbrook, T. 2012. The impact of major trauma: quality-of-life outcomes are worse in women than in men, independent of mechanism and injury severity. J Trauma; 56(2): 284-290. Kouraklis, G. Spirakos, S. 2012. Damage control surgery: an alternative approach for the management of critically injured patients. Surg Today; 32(3): 195-202. Klugh, H. E. 2009. Statistics: the essentials for research (6, illustrated ed.). New York: Wiley. Mallor, J. P.(2005). Business Law: The Ethical, Global, and E-Commerce Environment (13 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Robertson, C. (2011). Management of cerebral perfusion pressure after traumatic brain injury. Anesthesiology; 95(6): 1513-1517. Stiell, I. Wells, G. (2011). The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet; 357(9266): 1391-1396.

Carl Friedrich Gauss Essay -- essays research papers fc

Carl Friedrich Gauss Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855). The German scientist and mathematician Gauss is frequently he was called the founder of modern mathematics. His work is astronomy and physics is nearly as significant as that in mathematics. Gauss was born on April 30, 1777 in Brunswick (now it is Western Germany). Many biographists think that he got his good health from his father. Gauss said about himself that, he could count before he can talk. When Gauss was 7 years old he went to school. In the third grade students came when they were 10-15 years old, so teacher should work with students of different ages. Because of it he gave to half of students long problems to count, so he in that time could teach other half. One day he gave half of students, Gauss was in this half, to add all natural numbers from 1 to 100. 10 year old Gauss put his paper with answer on the teacher's desk first and he was the only who has got the right answer. From that day Gauss was popular in the whole school. On October 15, 1795, Gauss was admitted to Georgia Augusta as "matheseos cult."; that is to say, as a mathematics student. But it is often pointed out that at first Gauss was undecided whether he should become a mathematician or a philologist. The reason for this indecision was probably that humanists at that time had a better economic future than scientists. Gauss first became completely certain of his choice of studies when he discovered the construction of the regular 17-sided polygon with ruler and compass; that is to say, after his first year at the university. There are several reasons to support the assertion that Gauss hesitated in his choice of a career. But his matriculation as a student of mathematics does not point toward philology, and probably Gauss had already made his decision when he arrived at Gottingen. He wrote in 1808 that it was noteworthy how number theory arouses a special passion among everyone who has seriously studied it at some time, and, as we have seen, he had found new results in this and other areas of mathematics while he was still at Collegium Carolinum. Gauss made great discoveries in many fields of math. He gave the... ...ics, astronomy, geodesy, and physics. He must have been as strong as a bear in order not to have broken under such a burden. He distrusted all doctors and did not pay much attention to Olbers' warnings. During the winters of 1852 and 1853 the symptoms are thought to have become more serious, and in January of 1854 Gauss underwent a careful examination by his colleague Wilhelm Baum, professor of surgery. The last days were difficult, but between heart attacks Gauss read a great deal, half lying in an easy chair. Sartorius visited him the middle of January and observed that his clear blue eyes had not lost their gleam. The end came about a month later. In the morning of February 23, 1855 Gauss died peacefully in his sleep. He was seventy-seven years old. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gindikin, S.G., Stories about physicists and mathematicians, Russia, Moscow, "Nauka", 1982 (in Russian). Hall, T., Carl Friedrich Gauss, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1970. Muir, Jane, Of Men and Numbers: The Story of Great Mathematicians. Dodd, Mead, and Co, New York, 1961.

Essay --

Technology With the development of technologies, people always use new technologies like Facebook to communicate with each other. Some people prefer to communicate with other people face to face because they think this can help them understand each other deeply among different populations. Others believe that technologies like Facebook make different people close. When faced with the decision of whether technologies can create more understanding or not, quite a few would claim that convenient technologies keep people apart, and people fail to interact face to face. If people use technologies to talk with each other, they will create lots of misunderstanding. But others, in contrast, deem that technologies can give more understanding as the premier choice and that is also my point. I think technologies like Facebook create more understanding among diverse populations because technologies create more opportunities for communication among diverse populations, help enable people to achieve social i nteraction, boost self-esteem, and help people express themselves in different ways. First, technologies create more opportunities for communication among diverse populations. Nowadays, many different people use technologies to communicate with each other. For example, Facebook has more than 750 million users worldwide. Those users are from different countries, cultures, backgrounds, and experiences. Technologies give people more choices to meet different people. Diverse populations can talk with each other in the same "place" using the technologies. For example, a person who is in America and another person who is in Turkey can talk with each other conveniently and efficiently although they did not know each other before. Technologies faci... ...rt response. On the other hand, technologies can use a system to identify the users' information. For instance, SINA WEIBO, which is a technology like Facebook in China, requires the user to submit his real information, and this system will check his personal information, such as name and ID number. When someone uses this system to commit crimes, the police can catch him easily. With the development of technologies, the online information will be more valuable and correct in the future. According to what we have discussed above, we can draw a conclusion that technologies make different people very close, and let them know each other deeply among diverse population. In the future, a lot of new technologies will appear in our life, and those new technologies will change the ways of our life. What we should do is adopt new technologies, and enjoy our technology life.

Thomas Jeff. Outline :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lenora Spahn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9/22/00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thomas Jefferson I. Thomas Jefferson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Born- April 13, 1743 in Shadwell, Va.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Died- July 4, 1826 II. Background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Educational- College of William and Mary (1760-1762), 5 year apprenticeship   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   studying law under George Wythe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Occupational-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Began to practice law on his own: representing small scale planters from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   western countries involving land claims and titles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. House of Burgesses, elected 1768: Opposed all forms of Parliamentary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   taxation and supprted nonimportation resolutions against British trade   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   regulations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Committee of Correspondence, 1773: Served as a makeshift Central   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Government for colonies and advocated that colonies refuse to pay any duty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   leveled by Parliament.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. Virginia Convention in Richmond Virginia, 1775: Virginia, the largest colony   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   decided towards liberty for America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5. Continental Congress, 1776: Chosen to write the Declaration of Independance,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   telling reasons for fighting against England (aloing with Benjamin Franklin,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Adams, Roger Sherman and Robert Livingston).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6. Governor of Virginia, 1779: dealt with the lack of money, weaponry and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   soldiers during the end of the Revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7. Virginia Delegate to Congress, 1783: Designed a new system of money for the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   U.S. Based on 10.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8. First Secretary of State, 1790: Under President Washington-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. In charge of post office, office for inventions and office of money   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Set rules for weights and measure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Established foreign relations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9. Vice President under John Adams, (1796-1800): One of his only duties was to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   preside over the Senate- since there were no clear rules, wrote A Manuel of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parliamentary Practice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   III. Terms Of Office   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term (1801-1805) Wed. March 4, 1801, inaugurated 3rd president of the United   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Second Term (1804-1809) IV. Prominent Issues of the Elections   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Since electors did not state which of the two candidates they prefer, there was no way   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to decide which of the candidates should become President. Jefferson was elected in a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   second election held in the House of Representatives, and soon legislation was passed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   that each person would vote for one candidate for president and one for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   vice-president. V. Opponent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term- John Adams, Aaron Burr   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Second Term- Charles C. Pickney VI. Vice Presidents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term- Aaron Burr   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Second Term- George Clinton VII. Political Party- Democratic-Republican VIII. Domestic Events   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Ohio enters the Union, 1803: Despite efforts from the Federalists, Ohio became the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   17th state on March 1, 1803.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Mabury vs. Madison, 1803: Jefferson failed to uphold the law by refusing to appoint   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marbury as justice of the peace in the district of Columbia. Thomas Jeff. Outline :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lenora Spahn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9/22/00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thomas Jefferson I. Thomas Jefferson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Born- April 13, 1743 in Shadwell, Va.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Died- July 4, 1826 II. Background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Educational- College of William and Mary (1760-1762), 5 year apprenticeship   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   studying law under George Wythe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Occupational-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Began to practice law on his own: representing small scale planters from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   western countries involving land claims and titles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. House of Burgesses, elected 1768: Opposed all forms of Parliamentary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   taxation and supprted nonimportation resolutions against British trade   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   regulations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Committee of Correspondence, 1773: Served as a makeshift Central   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Government for colonies and advocated that colonies refuse to pay any duty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   leveled by Parliament.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. Virginia Convention in Richmond Virginia, 1775: Virginia, the largest colony   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   decided towards liberty for America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5. Continental Congress, 1776: Chosen to write the Declaration of Independance,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   telling reasons for fighting against England (aloing with Benjamin Franklin,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Adams, Roger Sherman and Robert Livingston).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6. Governor of Virginia, 1779: dealt with the lack of money, weaponry and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   soldiers during the end of the Revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7. Virginia Delegate to Congress, 1783: Designed a new system of money for the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   U.S. Based on 10.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8. First Secretary of State, 1790: Under President Washington-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. In charge of post office, office for inventions and office of money   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Set rules for weights and measure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Established foreign relations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9. Vice President under John Adams, (1796-1800): One of his only duties was to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   preside over the Senate- since there were no clear rules, wrote A Manuel of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parliamentary Practice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   III. Terms Of Office   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term (1801-1805) Wed. March 4, 1801, inaugurated 3rd president of the United   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Second Term (1804-1809) IV. Prominent Issues of the Elections   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Since electors did not state which of the two candidates they prefer, there was no way   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to decide which of the candidates should become President. Jefferson was elected in a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   second election held in the House of Representatives, and soon legislation was passed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   that each person would vote for one candidate for president and one for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   vice-president. V. Opponent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term- John Adams, Aaron Burr   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Second Term- Charles C. Pickney VI. Vice Presidents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term- Aaron Burr   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Second Term- George Clinton VII. Political Party- Democratic-Republican VIII. Domestic Events   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Ohio enters the Union, 1803: Despite efforts from the Federalists, Ohio became the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   17th state on March 1, 1803.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Mabury vs. Madison, 1803: Jefferson failed to uphold the law by refusing to appoint   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marbury as justice of the peace in the district of Columbia.